Archive lectures and events

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Thank you and thank you so much for the opportunity to talk to you all today. This is actually the largest group I've ever spoken to. And so exciting times for me as really lovely to be here and to talk to you about one of my favourite subjects.

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So, today we will cover a history of tea. And I'll talk a little bit about what Tea is, and also share what tea, isn't and help you to understand that maybe a bit more.

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And we will talk about the perfect steps to do the perfect copper. And I'll also share with you some of the latest trends that we're seeing across the world as well.

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So I'm going to begin by talking about the history of tea from its origins in China, through to Europe, India salon or Sri Lanka, and the impact that the US had as well.

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So let's get started.

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T first 2000s of years ago in the family and corridor that includes Southern Union and China, then off the Vietnam, the north of Laos, my Mr. And Assam in North India.

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The benefits of tea drinking were discovered in around two 737 BC.

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And that was by the herbalist Shin known. He was known as the father of t.

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He was a mythical sovereign the father of agriculture and herbal medicine. He is said to have brewed and tested hundreds of helps to discover their medicinal properties.

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And when leaves fail, from an overhanging branch of a whale to teach you into a ton of water that he was hitting, he found the liquor to be most delicious and distorted stuff.

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And so, he became known as a healthful tonic, that would cure Kate was add ill month's episode refreshing beverage that sustained and replenished. And it was known as a drink that brought tranquility and promoted clarity of thought.

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The Chinese people gradually learned to cultivate the plants process the leaves, as tea and drink, as there, if you do beverage.

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And the second century tea began to find its way out of China along trade routes that were running west and south western China such as the so called, and it was exchanged for other goods that the change is needed to such as sold cloth.

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I haven't goods and horses.

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It became known as the tea horse route and tea was usually compressed into kicks, or blocks and transported on the back of meals and ponies, or by men who carried 300 pounds or more on their backs.

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tea, then began to travel to countries in the east of China, and even in Korea and the sixth century, Ed, and Japan in the 19th century. This happened because of contacts between Buddhist monks who travelled from Korea and Japan to China to study Buddhism,

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Tea, always had strong connections to the Buddhist monasteries and temples in China. And so when monks came from other countries to study the also learned about Tea and Tea drinking.

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They then took the tea leaves back home to their own countries and planted them and their temples and monasteries and tea was being served in those temples and the link with Buddhism continued.

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And the early 17th century et was brought to Europe by the Dutch and the Portuguese.

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The Dutch traded out of China's Fujian Province on the southeast coast and the Portuguese 3d date of Marco on the island next to Hong Kong.

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The first imports arrived at Europe, in 1610, the doctor then exported to other European countries including England, and the first reference to tea being offered for sale in London was 1650, eat.

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I find that fascinating that we think we are. The nation of tea drinkers and defenders of tea but actually we're really quite late in the process.

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tea drinking in England was popularized when the Portuguese princess Catherine, daughter of the Duke of dragons are multi channels and second and 1662.

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The English East India Company got its charter from Queen Elizabeth, the first and 1600 and had a monopoly on the treat of goods from the South China Seas until, 1854, and 1669, the East India Company started to order their own tea from China, and the

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dependent totally on Chino to pervade at a rate up until the 70s 60s.

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That was when they started to consider growing tea outside of China, but they didn't actually do anything about it. and, and then in the 1830s that relationship with chain I started to Watson.

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And that was the beginning of the Opium Wars and things became a bit more difficult and Britain badly wanted to start to grow tea in India, and they have an opportunity to sell it to a to the people of India and make a good profit on it.

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So to do so they send Robert fortune on a secret mission to collect tea plants from China and bring them back to India had to be secret, because of the Opium Wars and check number one for a nurse in the country.

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Despite his mission being a success. The plants, didn't perform well at all, and actually plants were phone tea plants were found in Assam, and they performed particularly well so actually the, the British relied upon the teams that were phones and see

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plants that were found in Assam, it to kill their tea.

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plants that were found in Assam, it to kill the tea. The UAE built the first experimental tea garden and it infected This was still the East India Company, the first black tea was grown and process them are some dispatch from Kolkata in 1838, and what

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arrived in London. It was first sold at auction in London in 1839.

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The Darjeeling region and then they'll get the hills and southern India, that what to do was developed in the 1850s, and then Emily 1870s, and salon, as we came into a before it was developed as a major British tea growing region.

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After the coffee cup coffee crop field. And there was a coffee rust fungus that affected the entire crop tea had been trade successfully so the farmer switched to glowing tea by the 1880s that island was quite a famous TV producer.

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Thomas Lipton became very famous because he bought land and salon planted tea on the island, he sold it direct through his chain of grocery stores and Britain, and because it cut out the middleman is places where more, so it's much more affordable, and

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that's when we became a nation of tea drinkers. And tea became an beverage.

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By the end of the 1880s solo and team is based on tea in Britain.

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So the tea bag.

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This is a disputed point, actually, but tea bags were apparently accidentally invented by Thomas Sullivan if he was an American tea merchant. He sent ht samples to his customers and small silk bags, and they use that to brew the tea directly, rather than

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removing it from the bag and putting it in the teapot. So it was a bit of an accident in terms of a tea bag, and the tea bag proper and was developed in the US and the first two decades of the 20th century machines were made and patented to produce paper

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tea bags and the early 1930s. They were designed to unpack small particles of tea that had broken off didn t processing. These small tea particles, really quickly.

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They give good colour, and they give good strength. The larger the piece of leaf the longer it takes to do the smaller particles, the quicker the blue.

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When the tea company started packaging the small particles into the paper tea bags. If they didn't have enough of these, just like particles to meet the growing demands.

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So as the consumption grew the industry have to find a new way of making more of the small particles of tea.

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A new machine was invented called their CTC machine CTC stands for cut, tear and cuddle and fleet as the Orthodox manufacturer of at means rolling the leaf to gently break the sales.

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This new CTC machine shop believes into tiny pieces. These first machines were installed and British on the factories and awesome.

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And then the 1950s as a demand for tea bags guru tea companies needed to find more tea.

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And, and saw tea was planted in East Africa and places like as imbibe we Rwanda and Tanzania.

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And because the demand at the time was for the tea that went into the bags, the CTC, and the fact that these in these countries were equipped with the CTC machines.

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So, that as a quick canter through 5000 years of tea history.

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And I am going to stop sharing.

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For a moment, and we're gonna have our first poll, if that's okay just to make this a bit interactive for everyone.

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Right, so which one is this the one about this is the different words, or it's not a poll it's just a fill in the chat, that's just a fill in the chat my mistake.

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So, and this is a question, and just pop your answers in the chat if you know them. How many different words, 14, do you know.

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Okay folks, get cracking on the chat, let's see, let's see what everyone knows, and then we'll read some of the mode.

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Just get that little minute.

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Here we go. chai tea, obviously, copper, we all know that one.

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Um, what else do we have Lucy Lee, who's really

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shy. Black saying, Yeah, car. I know that one

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cup of brew. What else we got. These are

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the cups that cheers I like that one ice.

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Thanks for that Silla.

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Yeah, we're getting some of the different.

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Yeah, baby.

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cup of life, that's

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okay let's just give it another minute and then we'll, we'll move on. Oh here comes Rosalia again.

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Hmm.

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So I bought tickets.

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That's a new one on me as a South African.

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Yeah, I see.

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Okay.

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Right, well I think we've got most of them in one oh yeah that's brilliant. Yeah, common names for tea, she's back to Chinese origin, and the original word was to.

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And then the Chinese character was adapted and different dialects came in, so they started to use words like cha Thai tea, which we had, or take.

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And then as foreign traders arrived, and took the tea from the local people with their local dialect, and then absorbed into their language. That's how we ended up with a lots of variations for the tea, the word tea.

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So I just want to go back and show you on my screen here.

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This is actually some people would say it's an, a little bit of an oversimplification. But essentially, if it comes and buy a land, then its origin is from the words char, and if it comes bass see and knives in your country, its origin is from the word

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tea.

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And there's lots to be able to see on the slide lots of different uses of the word across different countries.

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That's quite an interesting sleep, but as some people see as an oversimplification but I think that's, it's been as a generalization, or Okay, so let's move on.

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No, to some insight on to what tea is, and what it isn't.

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So

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sorry I seem to be missing a slide here.

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Your herbal tea isn't really tea.

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Now that spawns, some people. So let me explain a few things we call harrumphs, fruits, and spaces that are steeped in water, tea, But that's not actually always the case.

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Qt contains the leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant.

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And here's a fascinating fact chameleons sinensis. This one plant produces all six types of tea. If it's black, green, white, yellow, long, or poor where it's all from community or cities.

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How was that, how can that be well as all and what it's done to the leaf.

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Quinn, and for how long and how much of it that you use. And that's the, what happens is how explains how the Emeritus as a particular t tape.

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There's lots of stages to tea processing there's pre nine, whether an ox oxidation ruling and drying, what's the different stages depending on what stage is happening and what sequence, and for how long that determines the tape of tea I find that so inspiring

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and absolutely fascinating to learn about.

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So, if your hair Balti isn't really tea, then what is it, two sons, or drinks that don't contain the community essence This leaves. Instead, they are infusions made from the leaves roots Betty's and spaces of other plants.

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So if you're trying KC purely peppermint, or ginger, or raspberry, then Strictly speaking, you're not drinking tea, you're drinking at the sun or an infusion to sounds have their own flavour profiles and health benefits, and lots of them are blamed with

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tea to boost aroma and flavour so t sand or the best of both worlds. we all have our different preferences.

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So now that we know the correct terminology, to use. We'll go on and learn more about how to do the perfect cuppa.

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It's so easy in your cup of tea. We all know how to do it, you just add hot water to tea right.

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Go sorrow.

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So, so much can influence the taste of your cup of tea, there's actually a bit more to it than just hot water and tea.

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If you want to make the perfect cup.

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I'm all about elevating the tea experience. That's something to be savoured, and a few careful steps can be called world of difference to your group. So let's find out what the are.

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The first step is to use fresh filtered cold water every cup of tea that we do is made up of 98% water.

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So, water quality has a big impact on the flavour and the aroma of our tea, tap water is the most economical, but it can contain someone wanted ingredients.

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So filter water as recommended, and I use the phone to talk.

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If the water is not filtered. Then, particularly and highlights skill areas colour aroma and taste at all affected.

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Plenty of oxygen helps to bring up the flavours in your team. So another tip is to boil the kettle just once.

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So the maximum amount of oxygen is retained and not be vapidity through multiple boils.

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So step one to use fresh filtered cold water.

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Step two is to blue with water at the Kinect temperature.

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We are all in the habit of using boiling water for all of our tea but in fact, different tea tastes better when it's brewed and water heated to different temperatures to achieve the correct temperature and electric kids or with temperature settings as

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absolutely ideal, or to brew to tease that have a lower IQ, temperature, add cold filtered water to boiling water and check the temperature before moving on to it.

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So that's what I do with my green tea. I would put a little bit of cold water into the bottom of my tea pot. I pop some boiling water and on top and mix them together, put my tea leaves then, and then pour the rest of the tea leaves are setting and warm

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water. And then I put the rest of my a boiling water and. So overall, the temperature is lower than boiling, and that's the best temperature for making tea.

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So different teas have different a recommended temperatures and you should make sure your water as at the correct temperature, follow the guidance on the packet at SU sustainably correct.

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The next step is to use the correct amount of good quality.

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So, in general, the tea and tea bags, has been selected for its colour, its strength, and its place.

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tea bags tend to be filled with the smallest of tea particles.

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What that means is that a lots of the essential oils that deliver the taste and the aroma from the leaf have been lost tea bags are typically pushing for a single blue, and they're designed to flush out colour quickly loose leaf tea generally is of a higher

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quality, at least for me infusion of the tea leaves, often multiple times, and therefore as good value for money, a gate for loose leaf tea is to use about two and a half to three and a half grams for every 200 mils of water that is a gate.

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And again, you should follow the guidance, it on the packaging.

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And with loose leaf you can adjust to suit your own preferences well.

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Now I'm going to stop sharing here because I just wanted to show you some tea leaves.

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And just because I think that absolutely beautiful and I studied to them, so I really love to show them off to people. So that says, hopefully you can see this all right.

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This is an arrow Goody.

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This lifted up a wee bit higher.

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Yeah.

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It's an ugly loose leaf, it's a Chinese black tea, along with blue corn flavors. And, of course, a bear criminals or your purchase the scripture says what gives the tea at citrusy absolutely gorgeous.

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The blue corn flavours just because it's petty they don't really do a lot to the taste.

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And this is my salad shy. Massage masella mean spaced shy means D.

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And what I hope you see from that is this loose leaf version.

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I smell amazing that you here, share his absolutely person will be different snails.

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This one, as it.

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Jasmine silver needle.

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So, it's, I'm going to put that in my hands just so you can see the screen scale of the leaf is so beautiful, so that's actually a white tea is very very minimally processed oxidation so I mean you guys are more this way better than me but oxidation when

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you bite into the apple when it goes blind and the oxidation is what darkens the leaf and develops the flavour and the aroma into the leaf. This is minimally oxidized that it's a heat supplied very heavily after plucking saw that the developing of the

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fleet versus stopped and fixed, and then it's ruled, and then it's laid out flat and Jasmine flavours of lead over the top and the oils from the flowers are infused into the leaf, and that process is repeated over and over.

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And then the transport it to this country and then we buy it for, like, not really that much money, and I don't know how anybody, any the farmers make money from it.

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It's incredible.

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This as first flush Darjeeling the champagne of teas.

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This, again, lightly oxidase that sort of close to a white tea and look at the size of that leaf.

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Let's see huge and it's been ruled as well. It's absolutely beautiful. I love brewing this and a glass cup, because you can watch the refund funnel, you'll get at least three maybe four brews out of that.

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And so although it's the champion of season comes with a champion price, your cost per cup can work out quite beautifully. If you do multiple produce.

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This one is another Chinese tea Guan Yin, which means, and I haven't got the self mercy. It's a bold, long and long t as part way between a black and the green.

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So people who see, I don't like getting tea.

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Quite often will try and do little because it's, it's closer to getting T, but it's not as fat over the spectrum, and not as fat oxidase, and you still get a lot of the health benefits.

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So it's bold, until little circles until pellets. And then when you infuse that in water the start to unravel. And you'll get easily four or five infusions from that.

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And the more you infuser. Every time you infuse it different flavours in marriage. So every cup of tea is different.

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That's a really nice one. And then this one.

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Sadly, it's still my supplier gave it to me just so that I could have a to show people but I couldn't drink it because it's really still no.

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This is called typing Monkey King.

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Okay that absolutely stunning.

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And it's and you won't be able to see it because I can only really see up close, but it's a the leaf is laid flat between tissue papers. And actually you can see the imprint of the paid part of the tissue.

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On the leaf, but it's just I mean, it's absolutely beautiful.

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And, and quite often that's food and like a wine glass. And so, like I told novel gobble it a glass so that people can see the leaf.

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With this one it's absolutely beautiful. Oh, really it's, it's quite expensive I think and I really wish I could drink it but you said it's really still Sandra you wouldn't enjoy it so I might try it one day.

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So, I hope you've enjoyed seeing the different types of tea leaf is such a fascinating subject. That's why I love it so much. And we'll do a poll.

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And if that's okay Fiona, we're going to have a couple of questions about tea consumption and tea production.

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Right here we go pick the right one, not set. Yep. So, which nation, drinks, the most tea pair Pearson, the multiple choice.

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And your second question is Which country produces the most tea.

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Okay folks get cracking Let's hear what you think.

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Okay.

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To know that Sandra Can you see the field questions in here I'm seeing.

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Yeah, just a small day for the rest of the two.

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Yeah, but we'll do is I'll share these in a minute once, everybody's had the chance to answer.

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This is interesting isn't it. Yeah.

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Okay, we're still going.

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Because what I'll do is I'll share these on the screen for everybody. Once I think that we've, we've got everybody.

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We're nearly there.

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We'll done do we think.

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Right, I think with kind of top 225 into this, and I will attempt to share the results on screen, which I hope everybody can see you might have to scroll down a bit to see the full second question.

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So it's looking like not only UK for the nation that drink some tea and quite significantly weighted towards India for the production.

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Interesting. So I'm not surprised that the answer to number one because that is usually what people think. But in fact, the country that drinks the most tea per person is Turkey by quite some considerable margin.

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The.

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This is from a statistics taken in 2016.

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And, and, at the time, Turkey, an individual, a in Turkey was drinking, on average, 3.16 kilos of tea and a year.

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Why the second on the list was Ireland.

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They are much bigger tea drinks has been in the UK.

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2.1 he kills a person in Ireland. Then, Iran, 1.99 kilos, and then did you keep 1.5.

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So, Turkey, we're out, and a lot of people see or but I thought they were coffee drinkers, I am Dr. But they switched over to tea and they get all tea, and as well so it makes it a bit easier and I think the second question which country produces saw

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yes so we've gone heavily to India specs on for the non

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fact often it's really small. So that actually the country that produces the most Tea is China, and 35% of the world's tea is grown in China.

00:32:14.000 --> 00:32:39.000
And, and number two on the list is India between India and China, and they could all get the most and we over 50%, Kenya start. And that's because, go back to that point about the tea bag, and the demand for tea that goes into tea bag, and it can be produced

00:32:39.000 --> 00:32:57.000
in the African countries, and it can be the benefit the it is the lack of seasonality. It can be produced all year round. We as in China and India and some of the other countries, there's a bit of seasonality to it so it doesn't you know it's not a year

00:32:57.000 --> 00:32:59.000
into production.

00:32:59.000 --> 00:33:02.000
So yes, very interesting.

00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:09.000
Thank you. I'm going to take this off everybody's screens.

00:33:09.000 --> 00:33:14.000
and go. Fine, and then I will go back to.

00:33:14.000 --> 00:33:19.000
This is a great logistics exercise for us.

00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:40.000
Right, so we've been on the correct amount of good quality tea and I've shown you what some good quality t looks like into this slide, actually, on the left is 29 tea bag tea.

00:33:40.000 --> 00:34:01.000
as a my own through the day black TV sleep, and bottom rate is my ugly. So it's just to show you that the T size of the particles and the tea bag is very deliberate to flush out quickly and to get Colorado and and the loose leaf, it's more about the slower

00:34:01.000 --> 00:34:04.000
unravelling of the tea leaf.

00:34:04.000 --> 00:34:15.000
Okay, so our steps of really the perfect couple use threshold to cold water. Make sure your water temperature, use the correct amount of a good quality tea.

00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:30.000
Step four is the correct amount of time. So, if your tea is better. It's because it's been steeped for too long, and easiest thing to do as a set the timer on your phone.

00:34:30.000 --> 00:34:40.000
I likes us brilliant in the kitchen for Alexa set an alarm for 30 minutes I'm not sure balls that you follow the taming, a Gazans on your packaging.

00:34:40.000 --> 00:35:02.000
I said gate and getting tea will be anywhere up to about 30 minutes, a black tea, ideally between three and five minutes of white tea, one to two minutes and, but for the amount of the guidance that's on your packaging efforts a hairball and infusion

00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:14.000
is probably going to need five minutes or more. That's usually because it's more tightly packed and it needs the team to unravel.

00:35:14.000 --> 00:35:28.000
So that's step four, and then step five, really, really, really important and especially and Kathy's, especially in coffee separately, your leaf from your blue.

00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:35.000
Another reason why tea tastes better is because when the left and the water for too long.

00:35:35.000 --> 00:35:57.000
They continue brewing way longer than the recommended team, and all of the talents and a, the bitterness comes out of the leaf. So turn, avoid this, and brewing a tea pot and pour into your cup and use.

00:35:57.000 --> 00:36:14.000
You can use a little infuser that sits inside the tea pot and holds the leaf and, or, I just use a tea strainer like my Gran had, and that's perfect. And I try and fill my tea pot with the right amount of water for what I'm actually gonna drink, and I

00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:18.000
would then top up for my second group.

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:34.000
And so, yeah, make just an AMA to fill your cup so that there isn't any more to lift in the teapot and the leaves don't continue to remember for your second infusion and subsequent infusions you're gonna have to leave it just a little bit longer, maybe

00:36:34.000 --> 00:36:42.000
another 30 seconds or so just to lay the flavours and colours to comment.

00:36:42.000 --> 00:36:49.000
So those are our steps to be doing the perfect cup.

00:36:49.000 --> 00:37:03.000
Now, there's one more poll questions so I'll stop sharing again.

00:37:03.000 --> 00:37:09.000
And this is the one that leads to a debate.

00:37:09.000 --> 00:37:13.000
Right here we go folks fade away, or the optimal cup of tea.

00:37:13.000 --> 00:37:26.000
For the optimal cup of tea. When should you put your Malcolm first or last or makes no difference look at the answers.

00:37:26.000 --> 00:37:27.000
That's funny.

00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:34.000
Oh wow was flying up this time.

00:37:34.000 --> 00:37:37.000
No.

00:37:37.000 --> 00:37:42.000
last is definitely

00:37:42.000 --> 00:37:50.000
traveling here.

00:37:50.000 --> 00:38:00.000
Okay, I think we just got a few more people. And we will share.

00:38:00.000 --> 00:38:04.000
No, we're still filling in

00:38:04.000 --> 00:38:07.000
such a hotly debated one.

00:38:07.000 --> 00:38:11.000
It says, isn't it. Yeah, this conversation already happened.

00:38:11.000 --> 00:38:23.000
Yeah, it was one of the first scratch. Okay, we'll just give it another second.

00:38:23.000 --> 00:38:27.000
And then I think we'll be done.

00:38:27.000 --> 00:38:32.000
Right, I think we're done. So, I shall share.

00:38:32.000 --> 00:38:41.000
So, so overwhelmingly people believe the milk should go in the last.

00:38:41.000 --> 00:38:46.000
Okay well as interesting, actually.

00:38:46.000 --> 00:38:50.000
And my experience is not about the milk.

00:38:50.000 --> 00:38:53.000
It's about how you do the tea.

00:38:53.000 --> 00:39:07.000
So, if you want to add milk to strong black tea or two blends that can go in to the cup before or after the tea dependent on what you prefer.

00:39:07.000 --> 00:39:13.000
But don't add the milk when you're brewing the tea.

00:39:13.000 --> 00:39:16.000
When you add milk to the brewing.

00:39:16.000 --> 00:39:30.000
It's cools the temperature of the water, and affects how the tea actually Bruce and means it doesn't do quickly. So, as long as you do the tea without milk Kemet.

00:39:30.000 --> 00:39:47.000
It doesn't really matter if you put the milk and first or last. So the answer would be see. But of course, many people believe it to be a or b so I think we'll just move on equipped.

00:39:47.000 --> 00:39:49.000
Before we have a problem.

00:39:49.000 --> 00:39:53.000
Okay, I'm going to take that off the screen.

00:39:53.000 --> 00:39:56.000
Okay. And we can move on.

00:39:56.000 --> 00:40:06.000
And I don't think I actually had any more. Let me just check up I've got more, you're going to talk about some teachings, I was yes the latest teachings.

00:40:06.000 --> 00:40:24.000
Yes, so I'm just going to tell you these. And so I might just come off the shoreline. Yeah. So, current trends and TT as we said at the beginning, as the most widely drunk beverage in the world.

00:40:24.000 --> 00:40:48.000
After water, and as mood and huge factor these, but it's made in small plantations and family gardens and private hoses. It's made by hand, which is my favourite, or it's made by machine is grown in 68 countries including North America, Canada, Portugal,

00:40:48.000 --> 00:41:12.000
Spain, Italy, and the UK is grown and jealousy is grown and exits are as grown in Paris sharp is grown, an art is grown on the Western Isles. It's amazing, and consumption of specialty loose leaf tea is increasing, lots more people are drinking green

00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:14.000
tea No, and white tea.

00:41:14.000 --> 00:41:32.000
And there's lots more businesses that are set up lots of tea rooms t bars and books and tea education who knew you could be a T champion, you can actually be a T smelly, and which I think is reserved for people you know that are in the little tail or

00:41:32.000 --> 00:41:43.000
whatever you can come out and actually explain all of the T's and the, there's lots more coverage in the media beta, specially on the health benefits of tea.

00:41:43.000 --> 00:41:58.000
And the bottled and ready to drink market is really exploding and internationally things like cold blue tea kombucha is a fermented tea.

00:41:58.000 --> 00:42:21.000
It Baba, which is our bubble tea, super sweet and tapioca based comes out in Taiwan, and I will never drink it, but it's very, very popular with young people and bottled tea, and you're you're definitely start to see more bottle to and and supermarkets

00:42:21.000 --> 00:42:51.000
and coffee shops and things, and the things that are driving those trains are the health messages around the well being, aspects of the fact that it's a natural product, I often see dot tea as the original vegan foods, you know, to 737 Dc.

00:42:53.000 --> 00:43:11.000
The whole tea ceremony, aspect of it, the show and practice of tea and coffee is fabulous because it red sharp and it gets you going. And gets you focused on what needs to be done, but nobody says we're having a case us ladies get a coffee, they see that

00:43:11.000 --> 00:43:21.000
We're having a place us ladies got a cup of tea because it's known to have the common properties that's the LTM that's in the tea leaf.

00:43:21.000 --> 00:43:34.000
So really simple pleasure, that's associated with family and worth a tradition. And that's what's driving people's passion for that and the connection with to gain.

00:43:34.000 --> 00:43:44.000
And people are moving all over the world and they're bringing the tea drinking habits with them. And so it's more accessible and easy to find out about.

00:43:44.000 --> 00:44:07.000
And, and, again, for younger people, it particularly that so much a bigger market for non alcohol options, and the young, young people really are helping to drive an interest and to gain so here's hoping it carries on being the second most prepared beverage

00:44:07.000 --> 00:44:20.000
in the world, and that's my presentation today. I'm delighted to have had the opportunity to speak to you and hopefully we've got some questions but I'll hand back to you, Fiona, you've got a few.

00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:36.000
Let me try and find where the beginning.

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:52.000
When you were talking about the using cold water and boiled water and filtered water filtered water, and was asking, which you use sparkling bottled and boiled water that's an interesting concept.

00:44:52.000 --> 00:45:04.000
So, I haven't done that combo. But I have broods that are July, 1 flush and called sparkling water.

00:45:04.000 --> 00:45:15.000
And so that's how I've done cold brew. What you need to do with cold water is because sometimes because it's the heat and the hot water that's unravelling the leaf and a loving the flavour and aroma to come out.

00:45:15.000 --> 00:45:34.000
And I loving the flavour and aroma to come out. And then you use cold water you have to put in for longer. So, typically you would do an called sparkling water for maybe six hours overnight. And I've not done boiling water, cold water.

00:45:34.000 --> 00:45:37.000
A cold sparkling water combo before.

00:45:37.000 --> 00:45:39.000
I guess that would be tried today.

00:45:39.000 --> 00:45:43.000
It's an experiment for you.

00:45:43.000 --> 00:45:49.000
Okay. So another question here from Silla. When you were talking about how you met your green tea, how you brew your green tea.

00:45:49.000 --> 00:46:01.000
She's asking if there's a particular reason reasoning for this kind of a bit of cold water. Then the boiled boiled, then the leaves and, and then more hot water boiled water.

00:46:01.000 --> 00:46:10.000
Yeah. Yes. So, and I do that just because it's easy because I don't have to end.

00:46:10.000 --> 00:46:29.000
So I've got a temperature control kettle donuts there so I could use that. But most people don't. So I give them that as a tip, and to use it but what you don't want to do is put boiling water on to get into leaves, because the caffeine is what causes

00:46:29.000 --> 00:46:42.000
the bitterness and the caffeine as what's in the leaves, and you're flushing it out too quickly from the lately oxidized getting leaf.

00:46:42.000 --> 00:46:53.000
So, if you pour boiling water on your infusing the leaf really quickly as flushing out the caffeine, and the tannins first. And that's why you get it better.

00:46:53.000 --> 00:47:08.000
So if you reduce the temperature of the water, it can infuse more slowly. And it doesn't flush out the caffeine, and the bitterness interesting so it's the caffeine so hope that answers your question similar and.

00:47:08.000 --> 00:47:35.000
And, okay. A question from Rosalyn. And how long does loose leaf tea last so I'm assuming that's kind of shelf life. Yeah. So, edges. And so Dr product that needs to be rehydrate teams to get the flavour so mad that stuff that I just took delivery of last

00:47:35.000 --> 00:47:50.000
And that's because it's an in irritate back. And if a store dwell, which would be if tight of late, not in glass, because the light gets done.

00:47:50.000 --> 00:48:08.000
And then it'll last for a long time. It's a bit like spaces. you know if you, you know if you open that Java space that you've heard for four years, it's lost its colour, and you probably need to put in two or three times the amount that the recipe says

00:48:08.000 --> 00:48:25.000
TV be the same if you when we pass this a use fine, but the the packets that you pick up, and especially of loose leaf, they're there well put together and they're going to be two or three years, but just plenty time to meet your receiver.

00:48:25.000 --> 00:48:27.000
Yeah. Okay, excellent.

00:48:27.000 --> 00:48:37.000
Okay, here's an interesting question from Madeline. Why does that sound so Sean smelling bacon. My sister in law calls it her beckon tea.

00:48:37.000 --> 00:48:40.000
And just dying.

00:48:40.000 --> 00:48:46.000
Right, okay you're really cousin me no school apps on social as smoked.

00:48:46.000 --> 00:48:51.000
And it's a smoked t.

00:48:51.000 --> 00:48:57.000
So, I guess it's probably depends on what it was smoked over.

00:48:57.000 --> 00:49:02.000
And maybe there's something in the woods or the charcoal or whatever.

00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:07.000
And that's, that's kind of giving that flavour to it.

00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:10.000
The other thing would be.

00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:29.000
She tastes things like candy tasting, you're typically not testing the actual, you know, if somebody says oh that's gotten hints of asparagus. You're not tasting asparagus you've had a memory trigger that remains you have a static so I would imagine the

00:49:29.000 --> 00:49:43.000
smoky smell of the tea is triggering a memory tickling a memory for her old smoked bacon. And that's why she's associating the two together, but as a smoked at.

00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:51.000
So that's, you know, that element of it is probably influencing a really good question.

00:49:51.000 --> 00:49:57.000
And another question here from.

00:49:57.000 --> 00:50:11.000
And you were talking about silver middle tier Jasmine silver needle Yep. Yeah. Is that something you would put milk and, or is it best without Do you think a matter of opinion to a degree.

00:50:11.000 --> 00:50:32.000
Yeah, so I would highly recommend that you don't add milk, because it will. It's such as a white tea, it's so light and delicate, that the milk or just overpower at the jasmine, as, again quite delicate, and since, since.

00:50:32.000 --> 00:50:36.000
Add sent another word to the tea. So the milk.

00:50:36.000 --> 00:50:50.000
And what takes all of that, we cry with no added, but you know what the beauty of tea as you can have your tea how you link. So if you like white tea with mocha You carry on.

00:50:50.000 --> 00:51:01.000
And, but just think about, I always try to encourage people to try it without the milk and first and then if they want to pump it up a bit, then that's absolutely fine.

00:51:01.000 --> 00:51:03.000
Yeah, okay.

00:51:03.000 --> 00:51:16.000
All right, what do we got next three Sandra, or just a quick one when we were talking about the shelf life of loose leaf tea. But do you know when it's still, I would you know.

00:51:16.000 --> 00:51:30.000
And probably, can you try to do it, just with take too long to bring the flavour about it just within it may look up at the wrong colour, you know, a bit faded.

00:51:30.000 --> 00:51:44.000
I mean, that the tea that john gave me my supplier gave me. It doesn't mean I didn't really have anything to compare it to so I didn't really know what it should look like, but he knew he left and I'm not looking back, so it was feel because you've left

00:51:44.000 --> 00:52:00.000
it like that for months. And so the air has gotten and ruined it. But, but yeah I'd be more than I think it would look faded, it would take too long to bring the flavors I would maybe be a bit water at things like that.

00:52:00.000 --> 00:52:08.000
Okay, and testing Christian here from sue the milk Christian festival last.

00:52:08.000 --> 00:52:19.000
Does the fact of whether you're making using loose leaf tea or a bag, make a difference to the milk Christian.

00:52:19.000 --> 00:52:29.000
And no, because the know because it's still affecting the temperature of the water that you're doing the tn.

00:52:29.000 --> 00:52:35.000
And let me just work through, and nobody saw.

00:52:35.000 --> 00:52:47.000
No, no. The worst thing as well about the tea bag is that I don't know how many people do it but the when you're bringing your tea bag at this question on the side of the cup of just getting that lead but more flavor.

00:52:47.000 --> 00:53:04.000
I'm just getting that lead but more flavour. Again, you're squeezing a cannons, you're squeezing a bitterness. So try and scoop for your teeth I go, and stick it on my salsa or something and it may be a wee bit messy but it's better than squeezing it all

00:53:04.000 --> 00:53:06.000
black.

00:53:06.000 --> 00:53:19.000
Okay. And a quick question from Linda is just to maybe to repeat some information that you had given. And could you tell us again about roughly the quantity of loose leaf tea to water.

00:53:19.000 --> 00:53:26.000
So I'll just expand a little bit because Western brewing.

00:53:26.000 --> 00:53:42.000
Every be two and a half grams two three and a half grams for every 200 mils of water, somewhere they are follow the guidance on your a on your packet. That's western style brewing how we drink tea.

00:53:42.000 --> 00:54:00.000
If you're going through brewing, but just the traditional way to brew in China, then the leaf to water ratio is quite different. You would use way more leaf, and we less water, so they would typically brew a normal more than 100 mils of water but they

00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:22.000
made us detains the amount of tea leaf, and what they do they are as they flush, that they pour the water in.

00:54:22.000 --> 00:54:43.000
And they would probably get seven odd infusions, I don't have the A. The rain here but there's a poem, and about the number of infusions, and to the four, and the Chinese cm, your first infusion is for your enemy.

00:54:43.000 --> 00:54:46.000
Because it's, it's like cleaning the leaf.

00:54:46.000 --> 00:55:00.000
It's not actually making tea is cleaning the lifter you give that to your enemy. And then the second brewers first can't remember who all those, but by the time you get to your 730, blue, you've given that to your wife and then you've given it to your

00:55:00.000 --> 00:55:08.000
bet on the side, she gets the even better one. You know, it's quite a fascinating one or two and we'll see if I can find it and send it to you.

00:55:08.000 --> 00:55:10.000
Okay.

00:55:10.000 --> 00:55:16.000
Great. Right, let's move on and question from Judy, I guess this is coming back to the history of tea.

00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:22.000
When, when do people start adding milk tea, do we.

00:55:22.000 --> 00:55:25.000
And so in Britain.

00:55:25.000 --> 00:55:45.000
And it was in the 1660 ish team that sort of afternoon tea thing. And, and, and the reason they added milk was because that was the health benefits of it was only the rich that could afford that.

00:55:45.000 --> 00:56:01.000
And, and it was kinda short off your wealth by adding milk. And so, that's when you started to do it. And then it's just been habit I mean most people that I speak to know when they see what can I put milk in your tea Sandra, and I'll see if you like

00:56:01.000 --> 00:56:20.000
to have your wisdom teeth yeah it's just a habit. So, I think we've just brought up to put milk in it but they started. Yeah, but the 1660s I think that was and, and there's a story that, and the whole know confession last thing goes back to porcelain

00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:40.000
cups, and that the reason that they put milk into the porcelain cup. First, was so that when you put the boiling tea and the crack the porcelain. No, we really drinking of that quality.

00:56:40.000 --> 00:56:48.000
Connect know, so that's why it doesn't really matter but, and it doesn't affect the flavour. But safe to drink and your puts a beautiful porcelain cup.

00:56:48.000 --> 00:56:56.000
And so maybe that's what people don't remember that as well. Yeah. And one of our comments that's going into the chat as well somebody was saying exactly the same thing.

00:56:56.000 --> 00:57:09.000
And the best thing so and. Right. I think I'm just scrolling down I think we've got one more question, which is quite timely since we're nearly at six o'clock.

00:57:09.000 --> 00:57:14.000
And let me find it again. And this is a question from Linda.

00:57:14.000 --> 00:57:20.000
What kind of tea is the podium tea used in Japanese tea ceremony.

00:57:20.000 --> 00:57:26.000
That's mucha Japanese machete as a ground tea.

00:57:26.000 --> 00:57:33.000
And so it's a powder and, and you whisker.

00:57:33.000 --> 00:57:42.000
So it's Betty is the whole leaf. So as we all the stem, everything is as good.

00:57:42.000 --> 00:57:51.000
And then you add water and whisk and add water whisk and you're trying to get bubbles around as well as very high and caffeine.

00:57:51.000 --> 00:57:56.000
And because it's the whole leaf by a super good for you. Really better.

00:57:56.000 --> 00:58:21.000
I can't drink it, but it's apparently very good for you. There's different grades of matchup. You can get cooking grades match up but you would put in your scans, or an ally it for just drinking that as a tea, you're looking for state ammonium please

00:58:21.000 --> 00:58:31.000
Because it's not a cheap product, and you want to make sure that if you're spending the money you're getting the thing that you think you can see what ceremonial bleed if you're going to drink S T.

00:58:31.000 --> 00:58:36.000
You want a complete match if you want to be clever.

00:58:36.000 --> 00:58:47.000
Right. Interesting. One other quick question before we start to wrap up. And this is an interesting one from another lender. What are your thoughts on decaf tea, green and black.

00:58:47.000 --> 00:58:55.000
In general, it depends on how the caffeine has been removed. It won't all be out, because that's not possible.

00:58:55.000 --> 00:59:11.000
And sometimes the Add chemicals to remove the caffeine. I don't understand the point of that because caffeine is a natural product so I would prefer to drink a natural product and something that had been added to it.

00:59:11.000 --> 00:59:23.000
And you can I would instead I would recommend you try to herbal infusion. And if you wanted to reduce caffeine. Remember, tea is half the caffeine of coffee.

00:59:23.000 --> 00:59:34.000
And not all teas are have the same amount of caffeine so remember I said the masala Chinese only 63% tea leaf. So it's already two thirds of the caffeine of an average cup.

00:59:34.000 --> 00:59:53.000
I have a Japanese Haji chat, which is a rusty to get into. It's got something like 25% of the caffeine, have a normal cup of tea. So, lots of tea has different caffeine qualities, I would recommend finding a low quality tea or infuse a little, a little

00:59:53.000 --> 01:00:01.000
caffeine tea or an infusion rather than a decaf but that's my personal choice, you know.

01:00:01.000 --> 01:00:14.000
Okay, great. Well thanks very much. I'm just going to finish off on a comment from Sylvia which, which made me laugh, a second ago. She says she likes the flavour of a well strangled tea bag.

00:00:18.000 --> 00:00:38.000
And yes, let's do the poll, right, bear with me a second. So I'm going to try and find out sort of where you think we are in terms of our balance. So here are some questions to get you thinking about where we are now in terms of our equality across politics

00:00:38.000 --> 00:00:45.000
in the UK. So have a look and see what you think.

00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:54.000
And we'll see what the general consensus is the answers will come out during the course of the lecture.

00:00:54.000 --> 00:00:57.000
Let's give that little minute then Ali.

00:01:18.000 --> 00:01:26.000
Yeah, we'll just give people a little bit more time when got through everybody yet.

00:01:26.000 --> 00:01:31.000
Next we have ask them for questions. So I think it's gonna

00:01:31.000 --> 00:01:48.000
that we will give you all a little bit of time.

00:01:48.000 --> 00:01:57.000
really interesting.

00:01:57.000 --> 00:02:05.000
Right. I think that's kind of plateaued and I was told me to enter that.

00:02:05.000 --> 00:02:16.000
Yeah I think so I think most people who say, It's nuts the results there for everybody. A little recap before we press on.

00:02:16.000 --> 00:02:20.000
Okay. Right. Shall we move on then Ali.

00:02:20.000 --> 00:02:23.000
That's great. Thank you. Thanks everybody.

00:02:23.000 --> 00:02:28.000
Let me stop sharing that, and take that off your screens. Okay.

00:02:28.000 --> 00:02:31.000
So do you want me to share the presentation though.

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Please, if you would.

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And we've had a few problems people sort of be me that yeah it's been it's been the reason for us lately lately, that we are with us.

00:02:42.000 --> 00:02:46.000
Right. Okay, Let's share.

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Okay, we'll put the poll back up at the end when we come to the question I'm going to pose the end.

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For some people, and we'll I'm going to give you the answers as we talk. So, that's something. And I just wanted to start off with this quotation from Emily Pankhurst because it reflects some of the things that I think women have to stand against when

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we are exploring politics in it with the light with the capital P.

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in the.

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If a woman steps out of place. And very often they are regarded as militant or they are regarded as staring in some kind of way. The recent debate about the, the MP that decided to

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that she wants to do something about being a mother in Parliament and breastfed her child was that she was in some way content trying to make a point, and her response is very much well actually you know I just need to feed my child.

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And it's, it is this issue about militancy, but I'm going to focus on some women to that tonight that you may or may not be aware of. And you may not have heard of but who are, who represent some firsts within the Westminster bubble, as it were, and.

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Next slide please.

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Okay. One seconds hopefully this works.

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Fingers crossed.

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Sorry. Excuse us folks.

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I can't seem to move on the slide so here we are, hold on. Let's see if that works. there we go again.

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So I Chris movie the top being in the room where it happens, which is, which is a quote from Hamilton, where Aaron Berger talks about wanting to be the person who's in the room where it happens, because if you're in the room where it happens, you can

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dictate policy. If you're not in the room where it happens, then you can only speculate on what goes on in the rooms in the corridors of power. That's why that's the reason for the title, but let's start with the first with the first of our women, and

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perhaps in some ways the one that is the most extraordinary. So next slide please.

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So this is going to be Maxwell Maxwell was the first woman to cast a vote in an election in the UK in fact in the municipal election. And it happened in 1867 astonishingly early and it was a result of a, a clerical error.

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Lily Maxwell was a widow in her late 60s she originally from Scotland she worked in domestic service and most of her life and she'd managed to collect together enough money you know we're just to buy a shop.

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And the shop so across all crockery, and she owned the shop, which meant that she was a property owner.

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And that

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accidentally meant that she was liable to be able to have a vote in the local elections.

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And she was sent a voting card to do that.

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She was somebody who owned a house in place and culture children in med med lock which is in Manchester, where it was worth more than that which would give her the franchise.

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So, she received this card, she happened to mention this to, to some of the local canvases and they went oh no we really want to tell people about this.

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And the, the local MP for the Liberal Party at that point, and said, whenever you should you should actually do this, Jake bright, who was the liberal candidates gave him gave her support and supported by his wife, and another woman called Lydia Baker.

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They arranged for me to go to cast a vote.

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So Lily turns up with her card, and she goes to children Town Hall and she says, Look, I've got the card I can vote.

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And, and she had to do openly there was no secret, honestly, this time the reforms to voting hadn't yet happened. So she had to walk into this room, you know this this woman in her 60s to cast a vote in front of everybody.

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And, and make the point that she was entitled so to do.

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There were lots of people there there was she was escorted out of the building by what the local paper describes as a large number of persons, and other people were, were cheering you know she was entitled to vote so she voted.

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It was widely reported There's a wonderful article in New York she posted in time where they actually said, a woman actually voted.

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And it took a hostile view that she should have been prevented because she was a woman.

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Because you should have ignored her demand to vote, as you would have ignored the demand of a child or 10 years old.

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But she she she went, she went to cast a vote, and then shortly after that.

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They changed the law. The second Reform Act happened in August of 1867.

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And it changed the law, that it meant that it didn't matter how much he earned, or how much she owned as a woman she couldn't vote, and that would remain the case.

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Until, of course, the first changes in women's suffrage after the First World War. So it would be another 50 years before another another woman can have another go.

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A casting a vote. And next slide keys.

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This is one of those pop quiz questions.

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Who was the first female MP. Now, the next person I'm going to talk about is usually the person who is thought of as being the first MP, but actually the first female and he was elected in 1980 was Constance Markiewicz.

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But she didn't take her seat.

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she was in jail time.

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Following the East rising of 1916.

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She was a remarkable woman, incredibly brave incredibly driven.

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And she she she was, she was a Deb she was from a very high class society group.

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And she was.

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She and her family were quite political start with her parents, the gore boots were involved in Irish politics from a very, very early age.

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And they were there in the time of a very, the beginnings of islands most turbulent part of their history, and they were, they were to kind of raised on stories of the family.

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And

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it wasn't really until Constance moved to London, and she went to the slave School of Art, and then she got married, and that she started to become interested in politics and started by being involved in women's suffrage, and she doing the women's suffrage

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society in 1892, but it was the Irish cause that really caught her attention, so that when they, their family settled back in Dublin, and at the turn of the 20th century chatter young daughter at the time as well.

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She had a young daughter at the time as well. She joined the shin. She joined us in fame, she doing the two daughters of Ireland in 1998.

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And she developed strong bonds with the whole group and she became one of the leaders, and she was once asked by somebody if if they wanted to become involved in politics if a woman wants to become involved in politics which they do.

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And she is alleged to replied, sell your jewels and buy a gun.

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And certainly, she was not against the idea of violence to get her and, and she did take an active part in the, the action.

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The military action I suppose, of the East arising in 1960, and she was arrested along with all the other leaders and taken to come in jail.

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That because she was a woman. She was imprisoned, rather than short, and she was appalled. She wants to be treated exactly the same.

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And it, they kind of left her free to fight another day. So she was one of the supporters of one of the remaining

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people who were in charge on that day of angel of era, to help him start to create the independent island that the surprising really began with, but she's in subsequently She.

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other. I believe it was 49. Other Irish Republicans who got a seat in the 19 parliament, she refused to take a seat. And she was actually in back in jail in California.

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At the time, and she should have done.

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So she never actually took us even though she was the first elected female MP.

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Next slide please.

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Now, the next lady is the one who is normally thought of as being the first female empty. This is the amazing Nancy Astor.

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Now, Nancy Astor was, she was.

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She was one of those American Debs that came over to Britain, looking for her husband.

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And she be she had she been married before, which was one of the reasons that she needed to to come to England to look for a second husband, my first husband, interestingly enough, you know, one of the side lights of history was Robert Gould Shaw the

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second, who was the son of the Robert Gould Shaw, who features in the film glory as the white commanding officer of the first black regiment in the American Civil War.

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Two there is this history of of changing society within her family.

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And they had a son.

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They had a son. Robert Gould Shaw, a third of the the marriages are happy and they divorced in 1903, so she moved to England in the hope that she might be able to to become more settled there.

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And moving in between then she starts moving in very stochastic circles, and she very quickly met and fell in love with Waldorf Astor, and they were married within six months of their first meeting.

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They became very involved in politics and we're very much part of the lead and set.

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And she became the prominent hostess, and she assisted in.

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In her husband's a lectionary for to become MP for Plymouth, however, Ward or faster was descended an aristocrat, and when his father died and he attained title he moved up to the House of Lords, leaving a vacant seat and Nancy decided that she would

00:14:34.000 --> 00:14:43.000
run for the post of MP for Plymouth, because she had her own views about this.

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She was allegedly at her best during the next electioneering. She had natural wit and charm she was quick off the off the mark in terms of being able to respond to hecklers.

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She.

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She always was interested in focusing on the poor and women and children, but she also had one or two other hang ups of her own. She was a very very strong campaign against alcohol.

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She thought that prohibition should be brought in, in, in England, as it had been in America.

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And she wasn't always as a cute about current political issues.

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So she wasn't always quite on top of things in terms of what the main discussions were tendency was to be very parochial and be concerned with the needs of the people within her.

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We didn't have patch, rather than to actually take on national politics in that sense.

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But she did win the election.

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and with quite a large, a large majority, and it was very interesting that at this point Plymouth had a large number of women voters.

00:16:01.000 --> 00:16:08.000
And the person she defeated was Michael foots father Isaac.

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And she campaigned to raise the voting age for women to 21 that was raised that was passed in 1928. She was responsible she put a private member's bill to raise the salary of alcohol for people to the age of 18 the law that still stands in place now.

00:16:29.000 --> 00:16:32.000
And that was passed in 1923.

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And she spent almost two years being the only woman in Parliament.

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And she.

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She admitted in later life that this was exceptionally difficult because there was no capacity for women, you know they hadn't even thought about things like female toilets.

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And this is an agent much more modest than our own.

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But she can work tirelessly during that time to include other women and P she welcomes new women and pieces they started to come into the house of commons. And she worked very hard as well to recruit women into the civil service into the police force,

00:17:12.000 --> 00:17:27.000
and she end also to try and balance things in the House of Lords and she was the MP for Plymouth and settle for 26 years until she decided to be 1945 election when it was advice that she shouldn't stand.

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She is of course most well known for her and her spats with Churchill who really disliked her, and she disliked him.

00:17:35.000 --> 00:17:40.000
And, and I'm sure that some of you have heard many of the quotes.

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And my favourite Nancy has to quote though is and I married beneath me all women do.

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Next slide please.

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So this is Margaret Bondfield she was the first women cabinet minister. She was the Minister of Labour. In 1929, so we're talking about you know really quite early on, and she would be one of those early women that would have been welcomed by Nancy

00:18:08.000 --> 00:18:12.000
Astor. At the beginning of her career.

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And she was born in charge in Somerset.

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And this statue that you can see in the energy is actually in charge itself celebrating her, and she grew up in a family, who were very interested in social justice, particularly motivated by the fact that her father, who would be in a nice maker, and

00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:48.000
a foreman was sacked from his job. Even though there was no reason for it they just they just didn't want him anymore he'd been there too long, and they were having to pay more.

00:18:48.000 --> 00:18:52.000
And it happened when she was a child, affected the whole family.

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There were five children in the family.

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And she, she found it very difficult.

00:19:01.000 --> 00:19:16.000
But she was bright student, and she was very interested in, in what was going on and she was encouraged to debate at her school and at 14. However, she was sent off to work.

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And she got a job

00:19:20.000 --> 00:19:26.000
in in Brighton, working at a Draper shop.

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And it would be several years that she left that she before she saw her family again she was, was the treatment she received the Draper's in Brighton there's not bad.

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She became aware of exactly how difficult this particular role was for women.

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At this point, if you were a shop assistant, then you were expected to live in that you would expect to be on call whenever there was a customer handy.

00:19:54.000 --> 00:20:06.000
And that you were also responsible for things like cleaning and so on. And you were given very little time off, was usually sort of one afternoon a week in the morning to go to church on a Sunday, which of course was the reason that she didn't get to

00:20:06.000 --> 00:20:17.000
see a family because the family being in Somerset and she being in Brighton and afternoon off was not going to be able to get her home and back in order to see her family.

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She really really began to see how the daily grind of what was going on with white was it was kind of pushing these women down, lots of women that she met with just desperate to get married.

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There's one way out of working in the shop that they had, because they couldn't work in shop when once you were married, and it you know they would have accepted anything, and they have no opportunity, no time or energy to pursue any other interests outside

00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:56.000
outside work. So, you know, organizations like the WPA, which would have been available to these women in order to improve their education. They couldn't take it up, they didn't have time, they didn't have the energy.

00:20:56.000 --> 00:21:19.000
And so she, She started to become involved with a woman called Louise Martin go, and between them. And she moved to London, and they set up what became the shop assistant union District Council, and she was subsequently asked to to investigate the conditions

00:21:19.000 --> 00:21:21.000
under which these women working.

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So at the age of 25 she became the expert on the position of women who working in the drapery trade.

00:21:30.000 --> 00:21:48.000
And by the age of 30 she was presenting her findings on parliamentary committees, she was extremely well known in that field. And eventually, somebody said, like you know if you're doing all this work you ought to be thinking about, considering becoming

00:21:48.000 --> 00:22:06.000
an MP, she resisted it for quite a long time because she was so very much involved in developing organizations like the willing to lay lay the league.

00:22:06.000 --> 00:22:13.000
And then she was also the chair of the adult suffrage society because she believed in that that everybody should have a vote.

00:22:13.000 --> 00:22:35.000
So eventually it she was persuaded to stand as a labour candidate for Northampton, and after three attempts, she got her got this post as MP for Northampton, in 1923, which meant that she became as I said she became one of these first female in peace

00:22:35.000 --> 00:22:45.000
that Welcome binance Yes, even though she was on the other side of the house, and she continued to campaign for the rights of all women

00:22:45.000 --> 00:23:02.000
in 1924, very shortly after she arrived in in Parliament, and she became she was appointed a Secretary to the Minister for labor by Stanley Baldwin, after following the resignation of bond in law.

00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:08.000
And it was very short lived because she then subsequently lost her seat in, in 1931.

00:23:08.000 --> 00:23:20.000
But when she regained her seat in 1929 Ramsey McDonald then made her Minister for labour, which was the first time that a woman had been made a British cabinet minister.

00:23:20.000 --> 00:23:39.000
And it was on the put on the back of all this experience she had turned investigating the lives and working practices of women in, in, in the draping trade, because she also found out a great deal about the way that working conditions work for an awful

00:23:39.000 --> 00:23:42.000
lot of other organizations in that process.

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She was unfortunate. In that the timing was bad.

00:23:47.000 --> 00:23:58.000
And when it came to the next election in 1931. She lost her seat, because she had been a very unpopular Minister for labour.

00:23:58.000 --> 00:24:13.000
Because in being Minister for labour in the period between 1921 and 1939 meant that she was trying to be a minister for labour. During the Great for the beginning of the Great Depression.

00:24:13.000 --> 00:24:28.000
And she was having to take some difficult decisions in order to try and keep the labour force of flight, one of which was that she had a ruling where certain married women whose husbands were any certain amounts of money.

00:24:28.000 --> 00:24:32.000
We're going to have

00:24:32.000 --> 00:24:35.000
their benefits. Cut.

00:24:35.000 --> 00:24:50.000
This was extremely unpopular and standard Lee and Margaret got blamed for it. And it meant that she lost her seat, and she never re entered politics, partly because she then suffered ill health.

00:24:50.000 --> 00:24:58.000
And while she, she lived on for a good few more years after that. She never took part in any other policy politicking again.

00:24:58.000 --> 00:25:12.000
And it seems a shame to have lost somebody who was so, so very involved in so very true. So very committed to the rights of the working poor and. Next slide please.

00:25:12.000 --> 00:25:17.000
And this is how you say to who was the first female whip and she was MP for Stoke on Trent.

00:25:17.000 --> 00:25:34.000
And she was MP for Stoke on Trent. She was appointed in 1953, she was, she started out as a teacher, she trained at Hanley High School, and to treat Teacher Training College.

00:25:34.000 --> 00:25:39.000
So those of you in the middle man since this is our Black Country representative.

00:25:39.000 --> 00:25:55.000
And she was a national organizer for the CO operative society and that's how she started becoming involved in in politics, and she was very involved with them to the point that to this day, they hold a hurry at slate and Memorial Lecture.

00:25:55.000 --> 00:26:03.000
In July, in her name and where they are consider social issues.

00:26:03.000 --> 00:26:16.000
And her hope political focus was very much on the idea of supporting women, because by this time by the time we get to 1953.

00:26:16.000 --> 00:26:26.000
Women are very much part of the workforce, but they are not equally paid. They are not equally treated there are still some issues with not being able to work after you're married.

00:26:26.000 --> 00:26:36.000
She was appointed in a by election that she then stayed as the MP for Stoke on Trent until 1966.

00:26:36.000 --> 00:26:52.000
And in the latter stages of her life 1964 she was a government with, with the formal title of Lord and Treasury, and she's the first woman to actually hold that post and to be responsible for looking after the party and making sure that everybody was

00:26:52.000 --> 00:26:55.000
doing exactly as they should be.

00:26:55.000 --> 00:27:00.000
Um. Next slide please.

00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:17.000
And many of you will know this lady and she's Betty Boothroyd.

00:27:17.000 --> 00:27:29.000
People were taken on at the gates, as it were, in the same way as the doctors were taken on for the day so it meant that things were really really unbalanced.

00:27:29.000 --> 00:27:34.000
So, Betty was sent out to work as soon as she ever could.

00:27:34.000 --> 00:27:43.000
She started out as a shop assistant she learned type. And then at the age of 1617. She famously joined the tiller girls.

00:27:43.000 --> 00:27:57.000
And she unfortunately has a very short period in her life, because while she was performing at the London Palladium, and she stood on a nail and got a foot infection.

00:27:57.000 --> 00:28:06.000
And that meant that she was active again because she will recovery time was much longer than they were willing to keep her place open.

00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:21.000
So she then started working for a variety of MPs as an assistant, and she worked for example for Barbara Castle, who did something to encourage her ambitions to be in politics.

00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:32.000
She worked for two years in America, she where she was part of the campaign to nominate and subsequently elect and JFK.

00:28:32.000 --> 00:28:41.000
And she served as an assistant to one of the US representatives, until she returned to India in 1962.

00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:49.000
She then went back to working for a number of MPs, She contested a seat on Hammersmith her Council.

00:28:49.000 --> 00:29:01.000
And then eventually, after various attempts to get into. into parliament. She was appointed as the labour candidate for West Bromwich in 1973.

00:29:01.000 --> 00:29:11.000
In 1974 she followed and preview previous ladies ambitions by becoming a wit.

00:29:11.000 --> 00:29:19.000
And she was appointed to a number of select committees, including the Committee on Foreign Affairs.

00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:32.000
She was also on the speakers panel, and she retained that position until 1987 when she was appointed to the speaker is assistant speaker of the house.

00:29:32.000 --> 00:29:38.000
When the weather all the vent Speaker of the House stepped down in 1992.

00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:56.000
Betsy Boothroyd was elected to his, his post, but it was contested by an MP, my uncle john Brooke. So it was put to the vote and Betty got an overwhelming majority of the members of parliament in the House of Commons, to become the first Female Speaker

00:29:56.000 --> 00:29:57.000
of the House.

00:29:57.000 --> 00:30:12.000
She went a long way to trying to break down some of the traditional roles as the speaker, refusing for example to wear that traditional week she was quite happy to wear the robe, that she didn't want to whether we use it for the head, and she would finish

00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:18.000
quite right and bonus question, the question time with her own inimitable styles i right times up.

00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:37.000
And she was, she was, you know, known to be a firm speaker, which was exactly what was needed that she was sometimes a little bit irreverent towards the the the pomposity that she experienced, and eventually she retired from being speaker in 2000, and

00:30:37.000 --> 00:30:41.000
it's now a member of the House of Lords.

00:30:41.000 --> 00:30:58.000
And you may remember that there was a bit of a scandal about Betty Boothroyd that they were trying to suggest that she had in some ways, been involved in some kind of sexual impropriety.

00:30:58.000 --> 00:31:07.000
It turned out that what it happened was that she'd actually missed a training session on sex on safeguarding.

00:31:07.000 --> 00:31:22.000
And it just just because she'd been too busy, and that you do kind of gone down as a black mark on her record. And at the time, people were looking for really for a reason to, to find her through, she published her autobiography into the 2001.

00:31:22.000 --> 00:31:28.000
And if you're into lively anecdote then it's not a bad read.

00:31:28.000 --> 00:31:30.000
Next slide please.

00:31:30.000 --> 00:31:35.000
Now there are a range of women that I could have talked about and I chose not to.

00:31:35.000 --> 00:31:51.000
But these are some other names that you might know, and who are all very important to the way that politics and women in politics have developed, Barbara cast and of course being one of the most significant to remarkable and probably deserves a tool called

00:31:51.000 --> 00:32:00.000
so surely Williams and be paying 10 minutes. Garrett force it of course you start you know standing Westminster square.

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:13.000
The amazing an extraordinary Mary Washington. And of course we cannot forget our first woman Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and not the first in the world, but our first.

00:32:13.000 --> 00:32:15.000
Next slide please.

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:26.000
Some conscious of time. So, this is, this is where we start answering the questions that that we get from the beginning so here is the current state of affairs with the number of seats.

00:32:26.000 --> 00:32:43.000
When by women in the different in the different houses that exist within. Great Britain's politics will leave you with that for a second

00:32:43.000 --> 00:32:57.000
of the hundred and 40 MPs elected for the first time in 2019 41% were women.

00:32:57.000 --> 00:33:14.000
and the House of Lords has almost the same equivalent of a female peers, 223, but they represent a much smaller proportion. So there are 709 789.

00:33:14.000 --> 00:33:26.000
Members of the House floored with only 200 223 of them the female.

00:33:26.000 --> 00:33:38.000
The whilst, more than half our current MPs belong to the Conservative Party, and they have the lowest number of female MPs within that group.

00:33:38.000 --> 00:33:43.000
24% of their MPs,

00:33:43.000 --> 00:33:57.000
and Labour has always traditionally had the largest number.

00:33:57.000 --> 00:34:10.000
any nonsense. One of the other questions. It wasn't until 1987 that women first exceeded 5% of the MPs that was sitting in Parliament.

00:34:10.000 --> 00:34:15.000
Can I the next slide piece.

00:34:15.000 --> 00:34:24.000
So, I didn't forget local politics. So these are the numbers of women councillors across the country.

00:34:24.000 --> 00:34:35.000
And I find it particularly interesting that the elected members, and the metro Metropolitan mess so people you know like Manchester candy the.

00:34:35.000 --> 00:34:46.000
All of the men, and only four of the elective mares across England and Wales are women at the 16.

00:34:46.000 --> 00:34:54.000
So there's still a lot of work to be done, local politics level and of course that may well be the reason why things are a bit slower, the top of the tree.

00:34:54.000 --> 00:35:10.000
Because, as you've seen from some of the women that I've been talking about their first experiences were in local politics, and they've had the experience of being able to make a difference, locally and then they think about moving on to the next level.

00:35:10.000 --> 00:35:13.000
When the numbers are so low.

00:35:13.000 --> 00:35:28.000
Then, you know you can understand why that might be a challenge, and one in five council needs is being women, that's, That's disturbing statistic.

00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:32.000
We see the next slide please.

00:35:32.000 --> 00:35:40.000
So just to kind of give you a picture, across this is across the world. So at the moment.

00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:51.000
This is based on you and data, and the women in executive government decision so women is heads of state across the countries at the rate we're currently get going.

00:35:51.000 --> 00:36:03.000
It's going to be 130 years before heads of states have parity in gender politics across the world.

00:36:03.000 --> 00:36:20.000
And in terms of the women in cabinets. We have an annual increase of point five to a percentage point to get gender parity, we won't get that until 2077.

00:36:20.000 --> 00:36:24.000
Next slide please.

00:36:24.000 --> 00:36:38.000
So, one of my other questions was, which which country has the largest number of female on it sure wonder astonishing enough which has had more than half over 60% of its employees or female.

00:36:38.000 --> 00:36:41.000
And Jeff Japan likes well behind.

00:36:41.000 --> 00:36:56.000
You can see we're not doing so badly. But there are other countries that are doing better than we're.

00:36:56.000 --> 00:37:03.000
And next, and I think last slide.

00:37:03.000 --> 00:37:19.000
So, I'm going to leave you with a question for us to discuss with our remaining time together is, in your opinion, and I've got a nice big group of people to ask is What do you think is the one change that needs to happen by 2028, to really get women's

00:37:19.000 --> 00:37:27.000
representation. Up in the UK, or maybe internationally. I'm mostly interested in the UK but I'm quite happy.

00:37:27.000 --> 00:37:32.000
If anybody's got an international solutions to step forward.

00:37:32.000 --> 00:37:40.000
And that's the question I'm posing for you, and Fiona there was some people I believe who said that they wanted to have another look at their poll result what results.

00:37:40.000 --> 00:37:46.000
Yeah, to put those up can do not right this second but we've okay.

00:37:46.000 --> 00:37:52.000
There was one more thing. Yeah. Um, so those of you who are really interested.

00:37:52.000 --> 00:37:55.000
And there is.

00:37:55.000 --> 00:37:58.000
Do you want to put that slide up.

00:37:58.000 --> 00:38:01.000
Oh sorry there's my courses I forgotten about this.

00:38:01.000 --> 00:38:18.000
Thank you interested in hearing me talk about other things. As you can see I have a wide range of interests, so I just started this week, a series of talks and interviews, I try and be interactive with this on Hamlet.

00:38:18.000 --> 00:38:22.000
And so it's only the only starts this week so.

00:38:22.000 --> 00:38:26.000
And we don't have a session next week so if you want to catch up there's still time.

00:38:26.000 --> 00:38:40.000
I'm doing history of musical theatre, both in the future and on film, which starts in April. And I'm doing history of the life and times of Alexi Sawyer, who was a Victorian celebrity chef.

00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:50.000
And I'm doing some other in person courses in Salisbury and Warminster Dempster over the next few, few weeks.

00:38:50.000 --> 00:39:08.000
But if you are interested in finding out more about the situation with women in politics in the UK, and they are British Council produced a report, which was based on the position we were in 100 years after winning one the vote so it was published in

00:39:08.000 --> 00:39:17.000
1980, in 1980, in 2018, but it's still very relevant and it's an interesting read this is the link to it.

00:39:17.000 --> 00:39:27.000
If anybody is interested in finding out a little bit more about it and some of the statistics that I've got were taken from that particular document.

00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:36.000
Yeah. The link to this is posted up and alongside the recording of the lecture on the members area of the website once it's really, so.

00:39:36.000 --> 00:39:47.000
Okay, I'm going to stop shooting no alley. Brilliant. Thank you very much for helping out with that. Yeah.

00:39:47.000 --> 00:40:03.000
Right. Okay, now let me get back to my chats and get that open. And what we'll do is we'll put the best thing is to kind of have a mix of questions that people have asked, and then I can read out some of the comments that people have said, and in relation

00:40:03.000 --> 00:40:08.000
to the question that yeah that'd be lovely Thank you. I'm really interested in what people think.

00:40:08.000 --> 00:40:12.000
Right. Okay, let me go forward bear with me people.

00:40:12.000 --> 00:40:14.000
Right.

00:40:14.000 --> 00:40:18.000
Right. This is a question, and from Louisa.

00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:28.000
She thought that single female rip peers but able to vote and municipal elections from 1869 onwards.

00:40:28.000 --> 00:40:40.000
Yeah, there was a period, there was a period when they were at that loophole was closed by the format.

00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:51.000
And so that even though they were ratepayers, you had to have you had to have a man on the documents for the rate pain would be able to do that.

00:40:51.000 --> 00:41:06.000
It was one of those things that that time that tail end of the Victorian period. There was an awful lot of acts that were passed against women having control over their own destinies.

00:41:06.000 --> 00:41:19.000
And the voting was part of that, I mean things like the divorce laws were being investigated then the, the law about who was responsible for children.

00:41:19.000 --> 00:41:34.000
That was all involved in that as well. So that was, that was part of that difficult period, and Lily Maxwell story is it is it is an interesting one because what she did was she kind of slid under the wire.

00:41:34.000 --> 00:41:36.000
They actually passed the law.

00:41:36.000 --> 00:41:45.000
At the time she voted that they had said within the law that they were going to let the current situation stand until the end of the year.

00:41:45.000 --> 00:41:53.000
And she happened in she just happened to get there before the end of the year.

00:41:53.000 --> 00:41:59.000
Right, what we got. Next question from Anne Marie.

00:41:59.000 --> 00:42:17.000
What we're books is grounds for the pausing the election of, Betty Boothroyd speaker of the host, because she was a woman that we've never had a Female Speaker, and he john Brooks felt that a woman couldn't control the house of parliament, because anybody

00:42:17.000 --> 00:42:25.000
who's ever watched Parliament life will know that it's a pretty rough and ready face, and he believed that a woman wouldn't be able to do that.

00:42:25.000 --> 00:42:31.000
And one of the things he said was he thought she would cry.

00:42:31.000 --> 00:42:34.000
Which sounds absurd, particularly if you ever heard.

00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:54.000
Mrs Boothroyd in action or lady Boothroyd does she know it's, but certainly that was one of his reasons. He was she was too delicate a person to be able to, to, to stand the rough and tumble of being speaker and really turned out that we did not at all.

00:42:54.000 --> 00:42:56.000
Yeah.

00:42:56.000 --> 00:42:59.000
Another question from Ana.

00:42:59.000 --> 00:43:06.000
Why do you think that the conservatives have had to female pm.

00:43:06.000 --> 00:43:11.000
But labour hasn't even had a female leader.

00:43:11.000 --> 00:43:15.000
Well, I think.

00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:31.000
I think part of that is, is of course is that, Margaret Thatcher was remarkably politician of our own of her own right and I think one of the difficult things for those of us who are interested in this is the fact that she, she was actually not great

00:43:31.000 --> 00:43:43.000
for other women in her role she didn't bring other women own you know she had an opportunity perhaps to, to bring women into a cabinet and her cabinet were all male, she appointed men.

00:43:43.000 --> 00:44:02.000
So she didn't she didn't actually do much for improving things. And of course, Theresa May kind of got in on a technicality as it were, and subsequently lost her seed, why they have never actually managed it I'm not entirely sure I think it's, I think

00:44:02.000 --> 00:44:05.000
it may well be the collision of history.

00:44:05.000 --> 00:44:19.000
You know they they've, they've struggled in recently in recent years, to have any strong leadership, and they've not actually look to the women in their party to to do the business.

00:44:19.000 --> 00:44:28.000
I think they, they, they've, they've struggled in all kinds of ways to get the answer that they need, and then perhaps haven't looked at their female employees.

00:44:28.000 --> 00:44:31.000
I think there are women coming through.

00:44:31.000 --> 00:44:39.000
I think it won't be very long before we see our first labor female prime minister because I think they are there.

00:44:39.000 --> 00:44:48.000
And there's there's certainly some very strongly minded women coming through, and it will be very interesting to see how that develops over the next few years.

00:44:48.000 --> 00:45:06.000
And we've got quite a few comments, and answers and lovely. So on your question I'll read some of them, and Julie saying social attitudes towards women need to change first and then then she needs to be addressed by weight of society before things will

00:45:06.000 --> 00:45:07.000
And familia need to close the men on the public schools to get a change in politics parliament. That's an interesting one Parliament's more like the eastern debating society scoring points, then discussing serious issues.

00:45:07.000 --> 00:45:21.000
Yep.

00:45:21.000 --> 00:45:32.000
And from Jenny, and to get more women involved we need to change the culture, move towards grown ups, collaborating rather than play and petty point scoring.

00:45:32.000 --> 00:45:44.000
Yeah, that's true. there's there's also quite a lot of debate debate, and the parliamentary system we have the first past the post system doesn't favour and minorities of any kind.

00:45:44.000 --> 00:45:59.000
Both women, and, of course, ethnic, and ethnic minorities disabled minorities LGBT to know all of those kinds of minorities are not served by the current part first pass the new system that we have.

00:45:59.000 --> 00:46:09.000
And of course in Scotland, we have a different system with Yes, a proportional representation or system, which, yes.

00:46:09.000 --> 00:46:23.000
Well, more representative. So, okay, from Miranda. I think we need to get girls interested from a very early age that ambitions are already stifled in primary school.

00:46:23.000 --> 00:46:41.000
That's interesting. You know, I can see why, why, why that happens in it. there's, there's a socialization, I think, as well, you know, there's the there's things going on, you know, a woman who is outspoken is often referred is often regarded as aggressive,

00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:54.000
where a man might be described as assertive, and that's when you, when you when your rule is that you've got, you know, in order to make progress in in the political arena.

00:46:54.000 --> 00:47:00.000
That is that you've got to be aggressive you've got to be a bit tough, you've got to be an unspoken.

00:47:00.000 --> 00:47:10.000
And then, I think it's very difficult for women to overcome, you know for girls to overcome that, to go out and that's not how I want to be labelled.

00:47:10.000 --> 00:47:20.000
You know we have very good examples of women who are willing to do that, but they are also, you know, they feel that like they're in the minority.

00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:33.000
And it's more comments about actually you know the timing of business within the House of Commons being in issues well terms of, you know, it's not an on a nine to five basis, like another job might be.

00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:48.000
Yeah, you know, healthcare provision for women, you know, the timings of meetings, there's a lot of business that goes on evenings which might not necessarily be conducive to women who have children, that kind of thing.

00:47:48.000 --> 00:47:53.000
I mean, there has been there have been attempts to change there's no longer all night sittings.

00:47:53.000 --> 00:48:03.000
For example, which would, which, you know, made life impossible for women, but they also do need there is also a need to look at the provision of child care.

00:48:03.000 --> 00:48:13.000
I mean that was one of the issues about the MP within the breastfeeding scenario is that, you know, it's a perfectly natural thing that needed to be done.

00:48:13.000 --> 00:48:27.000
And there but there is no where there was no were provided for her to do it. And if somebody is running conferences, it's one of the things that I've always put into place that we you know we have a room designated for women who need to do that.

00:48:27.000 --> 00:48:33.000
Yeah, even if men want to quiet space they can have it too but you know you need to just think about these things.

00:48:33.000 --> 00:48:37.000
Yeah, because it's a challenge.

00:48:37.000 --> 00:48:51.000
Yeah. And this from, Angela, and we need to get more women on local councils, which was one of the. Yeah, it's you were making. And I, she is a councillor and it's only 15 councillors and just fiber women.

00:48:51.000 --> 00:48:59.000
Yeah, again, there's that childcare issue again from juice and the dinosaurs packing.

00:48:59.000 --> 00:49:02.000
Thanks, Jay.

00:49:02.000 --> 00:49:05.000
And I'm in school curriculum.

00:49:05.000 --> 00:49:07.000
From Anita.

00:49:07.000 --> 00:49:10.000
Yeah.

00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:25.000
Yeah, I mean we there's a there is discussion about citizenship in schools, but I mean, as, as somebody who works in schools, I will also tell you I'm not very sure that we've never been trained, there's nobody out there who knows how to deliver it.

00:49:25.000 --> 00:49:38.000
You know, we get packages from various organizations say well this is what you should do. But in order for us to get a good grip on it. What you need is somebody who really knows what they're doing, as opposed to somebody who's been given a book entitled

00:49:38.000 --> 00:49:53.000
to have a go at it. I know that we don't teach subjects we teach children, but things like this are quite complicated. And if there is going to be changed their needs to be more positive sport.

00:49:53.000 --> 00:49:57.000
What else do we have here.

00:49:57.000 --> 00:50:14.000
Oh, I think that must have some more comments. Okay, on an interesting one from Patrick, and the public violence is proportional electoral system but have never had a female pm.

00:50:14.000 --> 00:50:16.000
had female president so have.

00:50:16.000 --> 00:50:23.000
They have. Yeah, interesting though.

00:50:23.000 --> 00:50:35.000
This is a question actually from Jennifer. What do you think of the women's equality party and have to say that's not when they've heard of absolutely yeah it's Sandy toxics party.

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:40.000
I think it's I think it's a.

00:50:40.000 --> 00:50:47.000
I think it's the kind of thing that we might need for a while. I think somebody.

00:50:47.000 --> 00:50:59.000
It's a little bit like thinking about suffragettes. The suffragettes came together as a stronger group of women to get things done. And I think the women's equality party has kind of a list of things that they want to get done and I suspect that once

00:50:59.000 --> 00:51:01.000
those things are done.

00:51:01.000 --> 00:51:08.000
They will disappear. They'll be separate so suddenly sublimated into another organization.

00:51:08.000 --> 00:51:12.000
And

00:51:12.000 --> 00:51:14.000
if we are in a position.

00:51:14.000 --> 00:51:20.000
And I think we are where we need to speak as great.

00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:33.000
Then, such an organization is required. What I think he's going to be challenging is getting it one more widely recognized. I mean, I noticed somebody mentioned, Caroline Lucas.

00:51:33.000 --> 00:51:37.000
And, you know.

00:51:37.000 --> 00:51:42.000
Yeah, excellent party in a party, we should be taking notice of it for all of these time.

00:51:42.000 --> 00:51:52.000
That very very small numbers, you need more people. And it's like that wonderful unison that that is land and the bear. If you've seen it.

00:51:52.000 --> 00:51:58.000
Get out of the way and the bear doesn't hear him because he's only one little tiny voice, but when everybody shows together.

00:51:58.000 --> 00:52:02.000
There has to move. And it's a bit like that.

00:52:02.000 --> 00:52:21.000
Yeah, comment from coddle in unison, and unite the unions have female general secretaries yeah that's that's that's a brilliant move because as much as anything else, and they are also the kind of kind of groups that produce entities.

00:52:21.000 --> 00:52:40.000
to the unions, and that's that's a very positive situation, and it also says something about the way that that working is being thought off now, as well, because I'm in unison must have must be pretty much more female members than males because of the

00:52:40.000 --> 00:52:44.000
nature of the work that they're supporting. Yeah.

00:52:44.000 --> 00:52:59.000
And another comment here from Miranda. She thinks that his book, which is good, and women playing football is no, and that's very true. That's true. And her girls never got to play at school, I didn't.

00:52:59.000 --> 00:53:03.000
I'm not even a play time.

00:53:03.000 --> 00:53:12.000
When I was at school, certainly the sports that we did as girls were quite different from what the boys that sometimes join, but.

00:53:12.000 --> 00:53:15.000
And, yeah, it's quite interesting.

00:53:15.000 --> 00:53:22.000
Yeah, I mean we have this situation that my school where the boys did.

00:53:22.000 --> 00:53:31.000
They had a unit number of two terms of self defence and he goes high country dancing.

00:53:31.000 --> 00:53:37.000
So if anybody attacks me I have to do I have to get them with my Miller.

00:53:37.000 --> 00:53:42.000
The boys might have liked to do the country dancing as well. Exactly, so.

00:53:42.000 --> 00:53:43.000
Okay.

00:53:43.000 --> 00:53:55.000
And right what we'll do is I'm going to attempt, I can share those poor results before I go on to Michael at the end of the lecture, let me see if I can do it.

00:53:55.000 --> 00:54:07.000
And, in fact, yes, I think I can have the appeared on the screen if they have no I think people you might need to scroll down to see all the results but I'll just leave that up on there for a little minute.

00:54:07.000 --> 00:54:25.000
And I know that was one of you in particular, to be able to see those.

00:54:25.000 --> 00:54:43.000
Well, we're looking at that actually is one final question that's come in from. I don't know whether this is, you'll be what you'll be able to answer but she's asking, What is your take on making misogyny a hate crime, or how do we make sure that happens.

00:54:43.000 --> 00:55:03.000
That might be slightly off topic but i don't know if i mean i got some that I, personally, and this is, I think this is the only way I can speak about this nice I am I am concerned about some elements of the whole idea of creating legislation against

00:55:03.000 --> 00:55:16.000
certain sorts of hate crime, because it's not because I don't agree with the idea of criminalizing some elements of this. I am concerned about how it can be used.

00:55:16.000 --> 00:55:19.000
You know, we tell we.

00:55:19.000 --> 00:55:34.000
What does it mean, how do you define it as being something that is so often image misogynistic that we are going to legislate against it.

00:55:34.000 --> 00:55:40.000
I would rather go at it from the point of view of educating against it.

00:55:40.000 --> 00:55:53.000
You know, let's let's eradicate some expressions of speech let's, let's do away with man up, let let's do away with. Yeah, take it like a man.

00:55:53.000 --> 00:55:56.000
Oh, you throw like a girl.

00:55:56.000 --> 00:56:03.000
Let's do away with those let's start with those because those are misogynistic statements, but I'm not, I don't want anybody arrested for that.

00:56:03.000 --> 00:56:08.000
What I do want is for somebody to say no, that's not the way we talk about that.

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Okay. All right. Good evening everybody. I hope you can all hear me. Okay.

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Wherever you are, greetings and it's still a sunny knowledge at the moment very wet this morning. And we had a tremendous hailstorm halfway through the afternoon but the moment it's quite a pleasant Sunday evening

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so welcome from me and greetings from the East of England.

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And so, I do have a particular interest in Raymond Williams which has been there for all best part of 20 years or so and so Hi I'm a founder trustee of the Raymond Williams foundation.

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And

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it's not simply a matter of an interest in Raymond Williams that I have. But I found him very influential in the way that I approach my teaching, and my experiences.

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And this group that does this body that I'm a trustee of the raven Williams foundation.

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Before the pandemic, we would have regular residential weekends, every year.

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maybe we've had guests speakers talking to us about.

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And we will spend the small groups and we will discuss them between us, and then report back to the main session.

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And I found after a couple of years that that this this began to influence to a very large extent, how I approach my own teaching.

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So as a web a tutor.

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What I like to do is to use a lot of discussion.

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So if I'm teaching face to face.

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If I'm in a big enough room without necessarily telling the students what I'm doing. I might split the room into different groups or put groups of chairs out so that at some point I can say what okay you're going to that group you're, and I want you to

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discuss amongst yourselves, this because I don't want people just listening to me for a whole 90 minutes so I want people to talk to each other.

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And it's been very interesting over the last you know two years using zoom.

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That of course now I'm not just talking to people in Norwich but I got people from all over the country.

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In front of me. So I can split you I'm going to do this tonight, by the way, but I could split you into breakout rooms and get you talking to each other.

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So, to me, this is a very important aspect of the way that the WVA were and indeed adult education or to work.

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And so I'm just introducing this because this is something which has very much come out of my studying of Raymond Williams and being involved with other people who actually studied or supervised by Raymond Williams himself.

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So it's all part of this ongoing process so it's actually a very important piece of my attitude to teach it.

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And I'll come back to say a bit more about this a little bit later on but I suppose, first of all, I should say.

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Why, Raymond Williams.

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And it's.

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It is sometimes slightly alarming in that the people that I am familiar with and the people I work with and so on and other members of the foundation.

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We're all very familiar with Raymond Williams.

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And when I was doing my, my first degree I hadn't have a tutor who was very interested in my moon so I've actually been familiar with him since 19 7071.

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And so we can all talk to each other about this person, Raymond Williams, and we know what we're talking about. I hope.

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But very often, you know I can mention his name to other people, and they sort of look at me a bit of scars and say, No here snooker player. And that's one of the comments I have recently.

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So, to some extent I feel as if I have to go back to basics, sometime to explain just to run with Williams walls.

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Now, the reason that I've been talking about him so much over the last year, is that he was born in July of 1921. So last year. We were celebrating his centenary, and there were lots of activities going on around it.

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Say I'm involved with the red moons Foundation, we completely revised our website for the centurion rates are celebrated.

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And it's not finished.

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There are still various activities carrying on until April of this year but that was the sort of stimulus to do a lot of extra work on him.

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So on the one hand it's been a matter of trying to explain to people who just who he was.

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But also, and of course in the sense of this evening, I haven't got that much time to tell you everything about him whatsoever. But I'm going to give a bit of a plug, at the end to a course, who was running about Robin Williams, but it's also this question

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of who he wants.

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And there are an awful lot of very interesting points about Raymond would say have an interesting life anyway.

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But he was one of the most significant figures in what became known as the new left in Britain in the 1950s 1960s and 70s that into the 1970s.

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And he came from a background which was strongly socialist he did become very briefly involved with the Communist Party in Great Britain.

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Although I would say he was always a bit of a semi detached a member of the Communist Party.

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But after the Second World War, as you get into the 50s and 60s. He was very much one of the the leading figures.

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Within this field that included people like Stuart Hall Eric Hobsbawm Edward Thompson and some.

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He was part of that and he became one of the most influential thinkers and writers within that New Left movement as it became known.

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He was a very prolific thinker, and writer, but use a huge number of works, which is quite difficult for me to deal with in, in many ways, because I even in a five week course.

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I can't cover everything that he talked about, and everything. he dealt with there's almost too much information there.

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But he was enormously influential figure.

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And he was often regarded as being the father of what became known as cultural studies.

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Now this point if you, you know, think, Oh, good. And another Disney type courses that you have. The way I first got involved with rainbow warriors was was through someone who has studied with him.

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day or of idea of cultural studies. Now, I'm going to go on a bit later on to explain a little bit of what I mean about cultural studies and what culture meant to Raymond Williams because it's a very very significant part of his thinking, and it's a very

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important part of his thinking, but I'll come back to that little bit later on. And he was also an extraordinarily prescient writer as well he could very often see what he thought would trends developing within society and within politics, especially

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he was outline, sometimes he would warn you about, and to a surprising degree, some of those things have come to pass that he was warnings about but again, I'm going to come back to that a little bit later on.

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But to begin with, I'm going to show you some illustrations shortly.

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And in many ways. Well, the most important things about Robbie Williams was that he was born in Wales in the border country.

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He was born in a small village called Pandy, which is about six, seven miles north of Abergavenny in the shadow of the black mountains, so not far away from the Welsh valance avail Murtha that area, not too far away from the Brecon Beacons either not too

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far away from Hereford on the English side, but that area of the border country was very, very important to him, and he would go on, eventually to write five novels, so he's not just a theoretician, he's not just a political philosopher, he always wanted

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to be a writer of fiction and indeed his life was based around English literature in many ways.

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But he wrote five novels, and they are all set in that area around the black mountains, very very significant to him. He always maintained during his life that his background was very important.

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And he came from a very working class background his father was signalman for Great Western our at the local station. His mother was a domestic worker, in effect, but he always said that he got his sense of community from living in this small Welsh village.

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And more importantly, he got a sense of solidarity from it.

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Now he was born in 1921, so he was only five years old when the general strike happened.

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His father, as a railway signal one, and an active trade you need to stand a moderate support of the Labour Party was very heavily involved with the general strike.

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And of course South Wales, especially the values you know it was an area.

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Very very strongly affected by the general strike of 1926 so what it was was aware of this, as he was growing up and he always took this with him.

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And he always maintained that it was his background, and that area, which actually developed, most of his adult thinking. And suddenly, His socialism came from that background.

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I would love to ask me this point if you've got any questions.

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We'll keep them for for later.

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So his backgrounds in the wash borders is hugely important to him and he sees constantly referring to him as he was growing up, he was regarded as quite a brilliant scholar, coming from that sort of backgrounds, and he won a county scholarship to go to

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the grammar school in Abergavenny while he was there, he excelled in everything you did he was, he was very keen sportsman as well and from there.

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He won a national scholarship to go to Cambridge to study English literature as he's growing up in the 1930s, and at that point he's very much a pacifist.

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And he's involved with the peace pledge union. And in the August of 1937. He is sent by the, the junior branch of the peace pleasure to attend an international conference in Geneva.

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And this was looking at you know the rise of fascism and what was happening in Europe.

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So he attended as a delegate this youth conference in Geneva on the way back returning to England he managed in Paris.

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to find enough time to get off the train.

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And to attend the International Exhibition that was being held in Paris, of that time. This is the international International Exhibition that featured Guernica the painted by Picasso, that everyone is familiar with.

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He doesn't make any reference to whether he went to the Spanish privileged to see it or not. But the one thing he did make sure he did was to visit the Soviet Pavilion.

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And when he was there, he bought himself a copy of the Communist Manifesto. And so for the first time at the age of 16. He started reading about marks and angles and getting involved in that sort of aspect.

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So, in October 1939 he wants to stay scholarship to attend Trinity College, Cambridge to study English. Now, I haven't got to that point I'm not just going to come out, briefly, and show you a few illustrations, if I may.

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Now, I have some issues with the way that I can show my presentations. So I'm using this particular format, and I hope you can all see it. Okay. That's the first slide just to remind you, who we all are.

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And we will come back to that again. Now, this is a very well known portraits of Raymond Williams taken in the 1970s.

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is to make hope possible, rather than despair convincing bear that in mind so I'm going to come back to that in just a moment. Now, I hope you can all see this nice and clear.

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There are relatively speaking, very few illustrations of whims himself. They tend to always show me to check shirt and smoking a pipe read lots of books behind him but you very quickly realized that there aren't a great many different illustrations on

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this another one from slightly later in his life so you get an idea, at least at this point of what he looked like. Now, I hope you can see this well enough because I thought it was important to show you and give you a little social of the areas in which

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he was brought up now. Handy I hope you can see my cursor moving here, handy. The village he was brought up it is here, and is just about six miles up the valley from our government.

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OK, so the English border is about 10 miles. This way to the right, to the east, with Herefords just off at Brecon and the Brecon Beacons is just off the picture up here, the values of avail mother Ted Ville are just down here to the bottom left, but

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here are the black mountains and he often refers to living in the shadow of the black mountains. So this is the border country that he grew up in, and was very important to him, and was enormously influential on his later think if we need to, we can always

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And if we need to, we can always come back to some of these slides at the end, I hope we've got time. I put this one in, it's just Raymond Williams in his teenage years, We are trying at Pandora station in the mid 1930s.

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This is significant, say his his father was a railway signal for the Great Western Railway, and he had a very great affection for his father nothing his father went through.

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And when he was a teenager.

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And he thought that, probably, this is what he was going to do. He had no ideas of going into academia or anything that probably he would he would follow his father into a job on the runways that was sort of what was expected and you know what he anticipated

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by here is 1939, ready to actually go off to Cambridge, having won this scholarship to Trinity College,

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he met his wife, joy, while he was an undergraduate at Cambridge, they got married in 1942. During the war, and this is them with their family Murdock, the youngest one in the middle of the melon, and a Darren in front of them.

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Very very well.

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Notice, of course. So this was actually they use this photo for a Christmas card in 1951, as you can see at the bottom. So this was his home life. That was his family.

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This is him addressing a meeting in the early 1960s. Now I'm pretty certain that this was a cnd meeting. I'm not 100% sure about it but I am pretty certain, it is.

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But yeah, he was a very well known figure on the left, he was very active in cnd amongst other things, so I think by the time you get to that periods of the 96 is this this would have been a pretty typical picture of Raymond Williams addressing a meeting.

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This is him at Cambridge. Nice Nice one, I will say a bit more about with Frank commodes literary critic commentator fellow member of the Communist Party who then left in much the same way that the Williams has.

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And so this is just to I'll just put this in just to show that this is what he was, he was doing during this period.

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Okay, Now that's a blank one I'm going to come out I've got one more leverage I'm going to show you at the end.

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So now I would love to say at this point or ask you. Have you got any comments or questions but if you have, please post them in chat. And then we'll get back to you at the end.

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Now you're going to have to excuse me for one second because I'm up in my attic here is getting dark so I've got to put the light on.

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Right. Hopefully that's the human touch that comes in to these things.

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Okay, so he's had this so very brilliant academic career as a teenager when he goes up to Cambridge.

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And he becomes a member of the Communist Party. Yeah, That was the way to go at the time as were all his friends were going.

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He has very little to say in the 1930s about for instance what he thought about the Spanish Civil War. And what was happening there.

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But by the time he is undergraduate, Cambridge. That is the way that has gotten has been very influenced by reading the Communist Manifesto.

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There's a wonderful essay that he wrote a couple of decades later called. You're a Marxist aren't you, and he answers that question.

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And he says, in that essay that well, sort of, but not fully.

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He says that the person who had the most influence upon his thinking was undoubtedly Karl Marx, but he never saw himself as a dogmatic Marxist.

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He was a member of the Communist Party.

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Briefly, but he was always something of describing as a fellow traveller but someone who was sort of a semi detached member of that community.

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Certainly as an undergraduate and then later, when he did, enter, academia himself.

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Yes, I mean, a very large number of his colleagues were Communist Party members, save his clothes for Eric Hobsbawm AP Thompson's do a whole song.

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But he was always sort of semi detached in the sense that he could be quite critical, certainly of dogmatic Marxism.

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And in this essay he wrote your Marxist, aren't you, he answers that by saying that he's not sure if he is or not, but he wants to make it quite clear that he is very happy to have been influenced by that line of thinking.

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And he is very happy to be regarded as a member of the Marxist tradition that carries on that questioning of society what it's about proposing different ideas and different approach in some.

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So that's the way that he sort of couches, his views. So, not a dogmatic Marxist at all, and I'm gonna come back so something a bit more about that in the moment.

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The reason I say he was never a full time member of the Communist Party was that in July of 1940, having served and done. So, one year as an undergraduate at Cambridge, he enlisted for the army, which was strictly against Communist Party guidelines, at

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the time.

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So he says he never left the Communist Party, he was never expelled from the Communist Party. It just sort of disappeared in that respect.

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But he did join the Armed Forces he served as a tank commander after DJ.

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And he describes in some detail moving from Normandy up into Germany.

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He says he was absolutely appalled.

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When he reached Hamburg, because everything that he has been told was that Hamburg was just attacked by bombing as a military target, and when when he arrived in haven't spoken Hamburg, he saw that clearly wasn't true that there were various, you know,

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very large areas of the civilian part of Hamburg, which had been destroyed by Allied bombing, so the other.

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Anyway, when he came back, so he's married in 1940 to start the family with his wife joy.

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And he was given an early discharge from the army so that he could complete his studies. Okay, which which he did, he completed the tripods and graduated with first class honors in English.

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Now at that point he was offered a senior research fellowship at Trinity College, but he refused it, and that was it would have been financially you know to his advantage but he refused it, because at that point, he did not want so he is what 21 of the

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time.

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And he didn't want to go into academia that.

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And, and what do you want to do instead was, was to actually meet with what he called me up real people.

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So he left Cambridge, and he joined what was then known as the Oxford delicacy. This was in effect the extra mural, Department of Oxford University.

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And at that point, 1940s.

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The Oxford delicacy actually offered education but almost the whole of Southeast England.

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They were in charge of it.

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And he was appointed a book, as a lecturer.

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for the southeast region.

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And he went to live, various, various times in seafoods in a Sussex, and in Hastings.

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And he was covering in the area as a tutor of most of that parts of southeast, England.

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And although he was working for what was called the Oxford delicacy effect almost all of the current classes that he was teaching were organized through the WA, because that was the existing setup.

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Now, I want to just give you a quote this is from a series of lectures that he gave many years later, looking back on his life lot largely autobiographical.

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It says about this decision.

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So the main reason was that I could not see the point I was quite clear now that I've got a hell of a lot of writing to do, and I really wanted to get on with it.

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I particularly wanted to write a novel.

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It may sound odd in relation to the sense of being deeply blocked, that I was describing but I was still attempting to maintain the productive cultural emphasis of the 30 years.

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Then I and my friends will thank you rich and Clifford Collins, we're going to run a journal. We were convinced we were going to be able to build up a periodical and a press.

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One of the other things I was going to do was to write a documentary script for Michael RM, who was by then, and the assistant director with rotter. So we were going to make a film, we were going to start a magazine, there seemed much more exciting projects,

00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:19.000
than doing a thesis, the shape of the immediate years was the one would take WVA classes to support oneself, through them interesting approach, but it's very clear for what he says that at that point, someone talking about 1946.

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He wanted to be a writer.

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That was helping out so you don't degree in English is made interest was in English teacher and he wants to be a writer.

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So he came up with this regime, which he followed for many years, which was that he would write in the morning, in the afternoon he would read to back up what he was writing about, and in the evening.

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He would teach web eight classes, and it was the classroom, which were for workers, then so that's why they were evening classes.

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And that was how we would support himself, but he also felt very strongly that he wanted to connect with ordinary people. And this was what adult education came very very strongly to mean to you.

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Now, another quote about working with the WPA.

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He said, when I got my job in the extra middle of delicacy at Oxford, which control the scattered region extend from Staffordshire in the north to suspect in the south.

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I was appointed to a Sussex and went to live in Seaford.

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The social character my classes, was extremely mixed.

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At one level. There was the class law event in Hastings, essentially with the local Trades Council, which was called public expression and simply involves specific training in public writing and public speaking.

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There seemed little point in teaching the writing of essays. I taught the writing of reports, minutes memoranda and committee speaking, and all reports skills relevant to their work.

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At the other extreme, you will get a class of commuter housewives in Hey was thief who wanted to read some literature.

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Perfectly serious and their interest, but an entirely different social composition.

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Then I had a fair number, in which there was a mixture of the two elements including of course the substantial number of wagers one discovers the third or fourth meeting produce their novel or autobiography, their short stories or poems, an enormous amount

00:29:39.000 --> 00:29:49.000
of unknown writing of this sort goes on. It was a mixture. I could live with. So this is his attitude to adult education.

00:29:49.000 --> 00:29:54.000
And it's something which is very, very important.

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And it's something that will stay with him really for the rest of his life and this is why he is so influential in terms of looking at the history of the Wi Fi because those of you who might be familiar with the original foundation that who nice know

00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:12.000
three.

00:30:12.000 --> 00:30:30.000
It was very much about bringing a university type education to people who had not had the chance to go to university. So it was very much based on lectures and tutorials and some and Raymond wins or what was one of the first people to really go against

00:30:30.000 --> 00:30:49.000
that and to actually say that adult education has to be a shared experience is something that the tutor must learn from. As much as the student loans from, and he is really one of the first to begin to follow this path.

00:30:49.000 --> 00:30:51.000
And then to emphasize it.

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Now, he was a tutor for the WVA from 1946 to 1961, so for 15 years, very significant part of his adult life.

00:31:06.000 --> 00:31:09.000
He was a wa tutor.

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And when he left in 1961 he was finally offered a position as a senior lecturer in English literature at Cambridge University. By that time he was ready for academia, and you saw that that was the way he wanted to go.

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:40.000
So, 1961 his life changes, fundamentally, and in that year, he published this, which I've got a copy of it, an open letter to WVA tutors.

00:31:40.000 --> 00:32:00.000
And this is we did actually make this available on the the web a website a couple of years ago. I've got no idea if it's still there or not, but he said some very interesting things in this, this was written as a web a tutor to other web a chooses the

00:32:00.000 --> 00:32:15.000
important or most significant statement, he makes his he says within it. I've often defined my own social purpose as the creation of an educated and pass it, and participating democracy.

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:28.000
So that's what he saw he was doing. He was involved in trying to get people through the means of adult education to take a more active role in democracy their part in society.

00:32:28.000 --> 00:32:47.000
And so, I'm having said that, I've just remembered something which is one of the things I alluded to earlier on, I meant to draw your attention but I didn't forgot I showed you that slide, saying that to be truly radical, is to make hope possible rather

00:32:47.000 --> 00:32:55.000
than to spare convincing. What I meant to share with you was, don't worry I'm like ideas.

00:32:55.000 --> 00:32:57.000
I've got the T shirt.

00:32:57.000 --> 00:33:02.000
So they are philosophy football you can buy your own copy of it but they will, so that's anyway.

00:33:02.000 --> 00:33:07.000
I wore that especially for your benefit this evening so

00:33:07.000 --> 00:33:21.000
he goes on in this essay. So, this is worth repeating in the 1960s. When many people would tell you that the WA is historic mission is over.

00:33:21.000 --> 00:33:40.000
with the coming of better opportunities in the schools, the exceptional mind in the poor family is spotted young and is given a real chance. Yes, but this was never the heart of the web is purpose, of course, the exceptional minds must get their chance.

00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:44.000
But what about everyone else.

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I'm towards the end of this open letter he says.

00:33:48.000 --> 00:34:09.000
This may but it's been a challenge to new and imaginative teaching is constant. This may be a new methods in an experience class, or the profoundly important work with new kinds of students who have never before made such contact with for education.

00:34:09.000 --> 00:34:27.000
In recent years, I have discussed d h Lawrence with working minors discussed methods of arguments with building workers. Discuss newspapers, with young trade unionists discuss television with apprentices in training.

00:34:27.000 --> 00:34:40.000
To me, these have been formative experiences, and I have learned as much as I have taught a whole world of work is waiting have many kinds. For all who are ready to try it.

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:54.000
The next few years may see a transformation in trade union education, which is a vital social importance. The development of work with women's organizations and young workers is also extremely promising.

00:34:54.000 --> 00:35:09.000
All this of course, in addition to the familiar work in tutorial classes and residential courses were experiment in teaching is often just as important, but none of us can sit back and wait for this to happen.

00:35:09.000 --> 00:35:16.000
It will only happen as widely as it needs to. If we all get in and work.

00:35:16.000 --> 00:35:29.000
So that's part of this letter that he addressed to other who chooses. And I would, I mean I've I've been a web a true to myself for 25 years now.

00:35:29.000 --> 00:35:42.000
And apart from taking this idea of discussion from Raymond Williams very largely and trying to use it in my own courses.

00:35:42.000 --> 00:35:57.000
And I think much of what he has to say is, is still, you know every betters as relevant so I would argue that Raymond Williams is a very profound representative of what had our education, really ought to be like and I hope I'm seeing loads of questions

00:35:57.000 --> 00:36:09.000
coming through chats now about about that. Now when he. The other thing I just want to go through this so very quickly release, make sure we've got time for a few questions at the end.

00:36:09.000 --> 00:36:24.000
And when he returns to Cambridge in 1961. So having spent 15 years working in adult education largely through the web a.

00:36:24.000 --> 00:36:49.000
In the late 50s early 60s he begins to produce a series of what became a very very significant and important books, and I've got a couple of them down here, and 1958, a published culture is ordinary 1961 he follows it with the loan revolution.

00:36:49.000 --> 00:37:08.000
And if any of you are interested, you know the end I mean I can hope it through Fiona produce a reading list for this if you if you want to follow any of this, but he started generating this idea of culture, which is why I said that when he.

00:37:08.000 --> 00:37:15.000
Yeah, one of the things he's famous for is soon as I got my pile of books and the next thing.

00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:20.000
He is regarded as the father of cultural studies.

00:37:20.000 --> 00:37:23.000
What happened was, during the 50s.

00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:38.000
He began to have some arguments with his comrades within the Communist Party. Although, as I've said he was always a semi detached member about the insistence on cars and class conflict.

00:37:38.000 --> 00:37:57.000
Now although he says, the biggest influence on his thinking was Karl Marx, there are certain aspects of this that he disagreed with and he thought what was more important was rather than looking at this very narrow issue of class and class conflict was

00:37:57.000 --> 00:38:04.000
something that he began to describe as culture.

00:38:04.000 --> 00:38:24.000
And what he meant by this was that it is actually, it's not the class that you are born into. Or you grow up in. It's your whole life experience. This is the important aspect and this is what will form your adult views, your opinions, your politics, so

00:38:24.000 --> 00:38:46.000
he expands from just looking at class into this idea of culture, and that is what he calls it, and that is what he begins to emphasize, and I just wanted to give you a couple of quotes from culture is all know so i mean this is this is 1958.

00:38:46.000 --> 00:39:02.000
Having said that, I'm going to lost my, my quote.

00:39:02.000 --> 00:39:06.000
now I've got this disappeared somewhere.

00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:12.000
What is talking about is, it's actually your entire experience which which forms you.

00:39:12.000 --> 00:39:25.000
And that is what gives you your background, in effect, and that is actually the most important thing that acts upon you. And what he's mainly interested in.

00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:43.000
Is that what he brings to called culture is not just a single aspect is what he describes as a process. This is something that you develops what you grew up with is what you develop is what influences you in the end.

00:39:43.000 --> 00:39:48.000
And as for no sweat during the 50s while his formulating this.

00:39:48.000 --> 00:40:00.000
He, we know that he was reading a lot of Antonio Gramsci the Italian Marxist who talks about I mean he's, best known for talking about, Hey gamma.

00:40:00.000 --> 00:40:23.000
And what grams she meant by her gamma is not just how you are ruled or leadership, but it's how you maintain that a gram she was arguing that those who are in positions of ruling, a country, he's writing in Fascist Italy and 1930s.

00:40:23.000 --> 00:40:33.000
And, but it's how they maintain so how are they the ruling class convince you that what they're doing is the right way of doing things.

00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:52.000
And what Graham she argued, was that it was now up to the working class to have more sense of their own confidence, their own culture, so that they could build up their own money give themselves a position of strength to attack the state and eventually

00:40:52.000 --> 00:40:54.000
lead to revolution.

00:40:54.000 --> 00:41:13.000
This was very influential on landlines. And this is where his, his arguments really developed the what you've got to do is to recognize this this whole aspects of culture, which lies behind it, that there is a thing which is a working class culture.

00:41:13.000 --> 00:41:31.000
This is what is the basic thesis in his the long revolution, published in 1961, which you could almost say is the same as Edward Thompson was working on at the time in terms of class consciousness.

00:41:31.000 --> 00:41:41.000
They're both saying that, after the Industrial Revolution, the working class began to realize that they had more in common with each other and with their offices.

00:41:41.000 --> 00:41:54.000
That's the beginnings of class consciousness which would lead to the development of socialism and so, so, Robin Williams is looking into exactly the same thing, exactly the same process.

00:41:54.000 --> 00:42:15.000
But he's opening it up into a bigger experience of what your life, tells you, this is really what he is is all about. And you can see the connection between his ideas about culture and his ideas about adult education.

00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:28.000
Yeah, to to back each other up they reinforce each other so you can see the general sort of drift that he's moving in. Throughout this period. So he's looking at this development of working class culture.

00:42:28.000 --> 00:42:42.000
He's doing it, when he's at Cambridge is a lecturer in English literature, he will eventually become the first, Professor of drama. At Cambridge University so he's very much writing from an English literature perspective.

00:42:42.000 --> 00:42:51.000
And he wrote numerous books about English literature, Marxism and literature and you know, you name it, he wrote about it.

00:42:51.000 --> 00:43:10.000
And one of the interesting ideas that he came came up with, which I know a lot of people have found this very influential, as in the long revolution he comes up with something that he calls a structure of feeling.

00:43:10.000 --> 00:43:13.000
And this is how he describes it, he said.

00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:18.000
The term I was suggested describe it is a structure of feeling.

00:43:18.000 --> 00:43:26.000
It says as firm and definite as structure suggests. Yes, it operates in the most delicate and least tangible parts about activity.

00:43:26.000 --> 00:43:37.000
In one sense the structure of feeling is the culture of a period is just a particular living result of all the elements in the general organization.

00:43:37.000 --> 00:43:48.000
And it says in this respect to the arts of a period, taking these to include characteristic approaches and tones in arguments are of major importance for here.

00:43:48.000 --> 00:44:09.000
If anywhere. This characteristic is likely to be expressed often not consciously, but by the fact that here in the only examples we have of recorded communication that outlives its barrows, the actual living sense the deep community, that makes the communication

00:44:09.000 --> 00:44:24.000
possible is naturally drawn upon. I do not mean that the structure of feeling any more than the social character is possessed. In the same way by the many individuals in the community, but I think it is a very deep and very wide possession.

00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:43.000
In all actual communities, precisely because it is on it that communication depends what is particularly interesting is that it does not seem to be in any formal sense, learned one generation may train, its successor, with reasonable success, and the

00:44:43.000 --> 00:45:00.000
social character or the general cultural pattern. But the new generation will have his own structure of feeling, which will not appear to have come from anywhere for him most distinctly, the changing organization is enacted in the organism.

00:45:00.000 --> 00:45:14.000
The new generation responsive its own ways to the unique world, it is inherited, taking up many continuity is that can be traced and reproducing many aspects of the organization, which can be separately described yet feeling his whole life in certain

00:45:14.000 --> 00:45:22.000
ways, differently, and shaping his creative response into a new structure of feeling.

00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:38.000
And so, I've had a lot of people say to me that that is one of the most influential things that they've ever come across. And so this is why two very large extent say he is known as the father of cultural studies, because he comes up with this idea of

00:45:38.000 --> 00:45:40.000
culture.

00:45:40.000 --> 00:45:49.000
Your life experience, forming you and forming your political views and everything else about you and how you respond to everything.

00:45:49.000 --> 00:46:00.000
And this was something which he was really at the forefront of developing. And you can see that adult education is an absolutely central part of it.

00:46:00.000 --> 00:46:06.000
That point keeping an eye on the clock I think I rest my case right Fiona.

00:46:06.000 --> 00:46:14.000
Thank you very much. That was really really enlightening and a really great insight into how Williams influence teaching at the WEA.

00:46:14.000 --> 00:46:21.000
And, which we can still see to do so. And let's, we've got some questions chat. So, from the top and we'll get through as many as many as we possibly can.

00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:34.000
From the top and we'll get through as many as many as we possibly can. No question from sue you were talking about, Williams as well Fritz and was he well speaking.

00:46:34.000 --> 00:46:55.000
No, he wasn't, and he was familiar with a lot of wealth and a lot of well sayings, but no he wasn't, and he's a bit ambivalent, much later in the 1970s which is actually the, I worked in Mid Wales for five years and in the mid 19 late 1970s.

00:46:55.000 --> 00:47:04.000
And he was actually very ambivalent with the way that the Welsh language society was going at the time and the, the bombings of second homes and so on.

00:47:04.000 --> 00:47:23.000
And so he felt that that was a bit of a narrow distraction. Most of the time, but he did emphasize that the sense of historical culture that you have is something you mustn't lose, and you must hold on to it.

00:47:23.000 --> 00:47:30.000
Thank you very much. No, and questions from Barbara, no cuts kind of two sides to this.

00:47:30.000 --> 00:47:40.000
What do you think, Williams would have thought of Corbin and Starmer. And what were his views on Stalin.

00:47:40.000 --> 00:47:55.000
Right now, first thing is always keep people in their historical context and never put words into their mouth, and given I'm installing there's actually quite a live issue for me because I've been teaching courses on the Spanish Civil War.

00:47:55.000 --> 00:48:06.000
Recently, which is another one of my, my main interests, and in that essay, I refer to your a Marxist Aren't you call your mom.

00:48:06.000 --> 00:48:22.000
He's very very interesting because he has this strangely ambivalent view of the labour movement as a whole because he says that, On the one hand, you've got the revolutionaries.

00:48:22.000 --> 00:48:33.000
And on the other extreme, you've got the Fabians those who believe in the evolutionary slow growth, working you know by convincing people of your, your arguments.

00:48:33.000 --> 00:48:50.000
And he said this was in the 1970s, he was writing this. He said he's always been struck, that the labour movement has always been in the middle somewhere and it, sometimes it goes one way and somebody goes the other way and it comes back in the middle

00:48:50.000 --> 00:49:00.000
and it goes the other way and the labour movement in Britain can never seem to make his mind up, whether he wants to be revolutionary, or he wants to be evolutionary.

00:49:00.000 --> 00:49:19.000
And I think his conclusion is that he would generally be more favourable to the revolutionary side because he felt that something needed to be done and you could just spend far too much time talking about things without doing anything.

00:49:19.000 --> 00:49:26.000
And so I think in terms of the original question, I mean I don't.

00:49:26.000 --> 00:49:38.000
Don't tell anyone I said this or next I don't want to be quoted on this, but I think he would have been very much in favour of Jeremy Corbyn very anti care storm, but that's just my view.

00:49:38.000 --> 00:49:43.000
All right, but you know just that's if I leave it there

00:49:43.000 --> 00:49:53.000
is a comment here from Brian I don't know if you saw it culture in the Communist Party and Putin would seem very relevant at the present time given current events.

00:49:53.000 --> 00:49:58.000
Okay, let's move on. Here's a question from Paul.

00:49:58.000 --> 00:50:08.000
And was it Williams ever associated with the Cambridge five Donald McLean, Dave Burgess etc etc.

00:50:08.000 --> 00:50:14.000
Partly. He certainly new Anthony blunt.

00:50:14.000 --> 00:50:23.000
And I'm not sure if it was McLean that he knew, but he. Yes, he was aware of them.

00:50:23.000 --> 00:50:33.000
But I don't think he was ever aware of just how much they were involved with Soviet communism.

00:50:33.000 --> 00:50:39.000
And because say, Raymond Williams, always.

00:50:39.000 --> 00:50:47.000
It was reasonably how to describe yourself as a Marxist but I'd say it was always a rather semi detached and slightly critical member certainly of communist dogma.

00:50:47.000 --> 00:51:04.000
So, at Cambridge, that that group was very very lively was very active. He knew a number of the people involved say he was a he was a lifelong friend of Eric HubSpot as well.

00:51:04.000 --> 00:51:16.000
And so who knew what was going on within the communist circles in Cambridge, but he was never sort of actively connected with the more actively involved with him.

00:51:16.000 --> 00:51:18.000
Okay, interesting.

00:51:18.000 --> 00:51:36.000
Right. What do we got next. This is a question from Andrew said that that Williams was a pacifist in the late 70s busted in 1940, any special reason for this change was a sort of dancing conversion or more gradual.

00:51:36.000 --> 00:51:45.000
No, I think it was much more simply, a recognition that the most important thing to do was to fight fascism.

00:51:45.000 --> 00:52:01.000
So say Williams doesn't really say anything about the Spanish Civil War, which I find that as a slightly odd omission. Really. And so it's not until after that, that he makes many comments about the threat of fascism.

00:52:01.000 --> 00:52:09.000
But I think that once you know the war started about the same time that he started his first year as an undergraduate.

00:52:09.000 --> 00:52:18.000
And I think by the time he got to the end of that year he realized that actually, you know, being being an undergraduate is not as important as fighting fascism.

00:52:18.000 --> 00:52:31.000
So it was that sort of drive I think which which caused him to enlist, but he is, I mean I just refer to his comments about Hamburg, and

00:52:31.000 --> 00:52:48.000
he wrote very critically about the conduct of the Second World War, and there's this one particular incident when he's in Normandy, and he's leading. He's a tank commander and he's leading a group of six tanks, and they come up against a group of German

00:52:48.000 --> 00:52:50.000
tanks.

00:52:50.000 --> 00:53:05.000
And he said, luckily for him. These were all fair marks SS tanks. So they were commanded by, you know, people you could recognize as being Nazis.

00:53:05.000 --> 00:53:23.000
Whereas if he'd have come up against a group of regular German Army tanks which will probably being driven by German workers. He would have been very much into Myers, whether to shoot at them or not, but because this was a fascist, an openly fascist group

00:53:23.000 --> 00:53:31.000
of tanks, he was quite happy to attack them. So he comes up you know with a lot of these interesting comments about the conduct of them.

00:53:31.000 --> 00:53:36.000
I think that was just like us it was being an anti fascist which drove me into it.

00:53:36.000 --> 00:53:38.000
See, okay.

00:53:38.000 --> 00:53:47.000
Right. And this is a question from john was Williams, and connected with the Open University in any way.

00:53:47.000 --> 00:54:01.000
I'm not directly but he did do a lot of work for the Open University, and especially given that one of his closest friends was still at home, who was very active in the Open University.

00:54:01.000 --> 00:54:22.000
If you look on YouTube, I there's not it There's a wonderful clip, it's about 16 minutes long, which was produced in 1984 appropriately and it's a program about George Orwell and Raymond Williams wrote a lot about George Orwell, and the program is fronted

00:54:22.000 --> 00:54:36.000
by Stuart Hall, but the main interview is with Raymond Williams and you can find the same, you know, just go to YouTube and look for Raymond Williams on George Orwell, but, and, but it's it's a really really interesting video.

00:54:36.000 --> 00:54:47.000
And so, Williams had connections with university he did deliver quite a lot of lectures, but he wasn't involved with the foundation of it on the running of it.

00:54:47.000 --> 00:54:54.000
Okay, okay. Hope that answers your question john. And now here's an interesting question from Sue.

00:54:54.000 --> 00:55:00.000
What do you think Williams would make of social media.

00:55:00.000 --> 00:55:03.000
Go to think.

00:55:03.000 --> 00:55:24.000
I think he would probably absolutely hate most of it. And I think the interesting thing about Raymond Williams is that he can be extremely funny. Yeah, music, at times, and quite cynical, and the way he writes, he has not overly serious.

00:55:24.000 --> 00:55:29.000
Although he does take his issues very seriously.

00:55:29.000 --> 00:55:37.000
And I my first connection with with him was in 1970 when I was an undergraduate, And I had to do.

00:55:37.000 --> 00:55:45.000
General Studies, as part of my degree and my, my tutor had been a student with Raymond Williams and.

00:55:45.000 --> 00:55:49.000
And he had just published his book called communications.

00:55:49.000 --> 00:55:56.000
And we did the experiments, based on what Raymond Williams are done, which was looking at the media.

00:55:56.000 --> 00:56:14.000
And so there's the print media which all the time so does a group of us we all had one newspaper, to look at each, and we had to read it for two weeks, and we had to analyze the number of column inches between the new sport fashion, all the different

00:56:14.000 --> 00:56:29.000
categories. And then we brought it all together, which is exactly what Williams had done himself in this book, communications, and my to show got us doing it as their own experiment, which came out with some really interesting results, actually.

00:56:29.000 --> 00:56:37.000
So, he was very aware of the media as it was in his day.

00:56:37.000 --> 00:56:46.000
He was very aware and warned against the ownership of media, becoming a dominant feature.

00:56:46.000 --> 00:56:54.000
And he died nice and ICA before the advent really off, you know, the computer.

00:56:54.000 --> 00:57:13.000
And so, again, it's rather difficult. I think to try to put words in his mouth, but I think you know what I know about Raymond Williams. I don't think he'd have been very fond of social media and I think that's the most, I can say about it, especially as

00:57:13.000 --> 00:57:22.000
nastiness. Yeah, well, and Okay, question from Barbara you were talking about the structure feeling.

00:57:22.000 --> 00:57:32.000
was asking, is the structure of feeling a general thing for a whole generation, for example hippies were different from the parents, or would it be different for each individual.

00:57:32.000 --> 00:57:42.000
You know what he's saying is, he was trying to move the debate, beyond just a class basis.

00:57:42.000 --> 00:57:57.000
And he was saying there's something much bigger than that. So, what he is identifying as culture is much more a reflection on how you as an individual relate to your life experiences.

00:57:57.000 --> 00:58:06.000
And those life experiences well affects the way that you then interact with other people in the way you develop your political thinking and and all the rest of it.

00:58:06.000 --> 00:58:26.000
So, it's not rigid, when he talks about it being a structure, what he's really referring to is that it does tend to move from one generation to another, so that the experiences that you have growing up in your generation may well be different from the

00:58:26.000 --> 00:58:42.000
experiences your parents had and the expense that your children will have, but they are all the same thing, basically. So what you've got to do is be open minded about taking what you can from these experiences.

00:58:42.000 --> 00:59:01.000
And, you know, being reasonable being logical about it. Some weighing up the evidence and and that's how you come to your own conclusions. And what he was arguing was that it's this this this sense of life experience, which is actually far more important

00:59:01.000 --> 00:59:17.000
than the class that you are born into. That's where the argument comes from. So you can be born into a very working class environment but you those attitudes may not save, stay with you.

00:59:17.000 --> 00:59:33.000
And it's the attitudes that you take with you, which are the more important reflection, even though you probably would never forget the attitudes that you felt that you were brought up in and and born with and this is, I think this is a direct relation

00:59:33.000 --> 00:59:51.000
to his upbringing in the world's borders that that sense of community, and solidarity, never left him there was always an absolutely you know fundamental part of his of his life and that's really what is informing is as all views on society and the way

00:59:51.000 --> 00:59:53.000
that it functions.

01:02:28.000 --> 01:02:40.000
Right. I think that's probably us so do you want to show us that final picture that you can, yes, if I can find it again.

01:02:40.000 --> 01:02:52.000
Right. Okay, if you can see that, okay I don't make it any bigger than what is happening is that I taught a course last term.

01:02:52.000 --> 01:02:58.000
Just a free session course about Raymond Williams as part of the centenary celebrations.

01:02:58.000 --> 01:03:06.000
And we decided to run it again but what we're doing is it's now going to become a five session course because as the tutor.

01:03:06.000 --> 01:03:17.000
I found very quickly that there just wasn't enough time to cover everything because he was such a prolific such wide ranging thinker, and writer.

01:03:17.000 --> 01:03:27.000
So we've got a new course coming up which will be advertised nationally and I think on the eastern region website.

01:03:27.000 --> 01:03:39.000
And so this is it, it's called creating an educated democracy, and to do to a 656 is the course ID for it so if you want to look it up that's where to go.

01:03:39.000 --> 01:03:49.000
It's on five Wednesday evening. So starting 20th of April, 7pm, to 8:30pm.

01:03:49.000 --> 01:04:06.000
So if you would like to know a bit more about Williams and being a five session course, it allows me to expand a lot more to talk about some of these other works and some of these other ideas and some give you a much more complete picture of him.

01:04:06.000 --> 01:04:24.000
And indeed, you know what I'm interested in which is trying to explain to you what he meant by creating an educated democracy, because that's what I feel actually informs my attention with the W right that's what I'm trying to do, which is why I run so

01:04:24.000 --> 01:04:28.000
many courses ionic ism but that's another, that's another message.

01:04:28.000 --> 01:04:43.000
And, but that's it, that's the course so make a note if you're interested, see 2228656 go for that. Look for it. The, the Course Information shooting everything has been published.

01:04:43.000 --> 01:04:56.000
So enrollments are now open. And I will be working on producing the canvas to back that up shortly. So, no thank you Chad, so I can. Thanks very much for that.

00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:23.000
Welcome everyone, and thank you for having me back again that I really enjoyed the last letter again about pronouns, and there's going to be a bit of a recap on this lecture about gender and diversity, just so you get to sort by understanding of what

00:00:23.000 --> 00:00:48.000
to be talking about. So, I'm going to just share my screen and bring up the first slide. Can everyone see that Okay, that's good. Yeah, pink or blue, the socialization of gender, and it's a really interesting topic that I'm actually going to be writing

00:00:48.000 --> 00:01:01.000
a research paper on so I thought this is really good for me to be looking at it and sharing with you and sharing thoughts with you, and also for you to share your thoughts with me because we're going to be stopping so about halfway through and I'm going

00:01:01.000 --> 00:01:06.000
to ask you a question. And I'd really be interested in your thoughts on that as well.

00:01:06.000 --> 00:01:09.000
So

00:01:09.000 --> 00:01:32.000
it's LGBT q plus. History Month. And this lecture forms part of the history month so we'll be talking about the LGBT q pride flag, or flags. And we'll also be talking about the pink and blue socialization of gender and and the colors as well, but we see

00:01:32.000 --> 00:01:34.000
sort of all around us.

00:01:34.000 --> 00:01:48.000
regard to sort of the binary is male and female so we don't have a look at gender definition. So a quick recap on what that is. And then we're going to look at the history of incomplete clothing for young children.

00:01:48.000 --> 00:02:01.000
So, going back with our show you some examples of like art history, and things that you may remember as well. When you were children, or when you were bringing up your own children.

00:02:01.000 --> 00:02:18.000
Then you're going to have a look at the social construct and perform activity so some academic dialogue on why why this is happening, why is pink and blue what's the theory behind it.

00:02:18.000 --> 00:02:31.000
And then we're going to have a quick break and I'm going to be asking you some questions. And then, after that we'll have a look at the LGBTQ plus colours, and what those colours symbolize and what they mean.

00:02:31.000 --> 00:02:45.000
And I've also got some resources and further reading for you so if you're really interested in this subject you can reach out to and then we we have our usual q amp a section at the end.

00:02:45.000 --> 00:03:11.000
So it's gender. So, gender is about identity and expression of individuals so it's not necessarily about a sex or a male or female. It's actually about how people identify themselves so they can identify themselves internally as how they feel about themselves.

00:03:11.000 --> 00:03:22.000
So they could feel, male or I could feel female or they can feel a combination of both or neither because we're looking at this or that continuum or a spectrum of how you feel.

00:03:22.000 --> 00:03:38.000
And the other way, gender can be expressed as externally, so people or individuals can present themselves in a certain way. So with their clothing or hair or mannerisms so pull back the sort of external expression.

00:03:38.000 --> 00:03:53.000
And then a few other terms, it's like sexual orientation. So sexual orientation is how you are attracted to someone physically. I think you have the sex, which is the anatomy, the physical anatomy.

00:03:53.000 --> 00:04:12.000
And I've got a diagram, I'm going to show you the French person, and this is quite a sort of simple way to understand how gender is represented and there's the academic term so it on the outside here on the left, you've got expression so that's externally

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how someone expresses themselves.

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Internally, you have identity up here in terms of the brain, and how people feel. And then, orientation sexual orientation, you have the heart so it's how are you how are you attracted to someone, are you attracted to men women male female or not attracted

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to anybody. And then we have the physical, the six. So we're looking at the anatomy the biology here. So that's quite an easy way to remember it.

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So, if we look at the history of pink and blue the colours that are used throughout history when we're doing this because we are surrounded at the moment with these pink for girls and blue for boys, we have that sort of like lived experience of a certain

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amount of bias when we're looking at these images. So, although you're looking at the images you may automatically say well why is that baby wearing pink, why is it Why is that that's not right you know but you got to think about all you are seeing images

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around you that are affecting how you feel about different images that you're going to be seeing so it'd be interesting to discuss that further when we have our break.

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So, the history of pink and blue in the middle age is there a lot of images of Mary and Madonna with blue, and for this image here which is from 1390 Italian that peau de de ma Co.

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This cloak here is actually blue but his faded over time, because it was made from.

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It just check my notes, it was made from. As you're right so the pigment as your I compared to ultra Marine, as you're right faded over time so this would have been really bright blue when it was first painted so we're looking at the blue or female, and

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then we're looking at the red here. This is Christ red for Christ so it's totally the opposite of what we received today.

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And if you look at the symbolism of this blue represented purity divine virtue, and then the red represented, lots of different things but you could say that it represented martyrdom.

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And Christ blood, so we can see that the bread of the baby here.

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Another example we have of in the Middle Ages, is the virgin child here again in a red outfit, and Mary in blue and this time is a much brighter blue because it's been paid out of.

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This is the 1400, and this collection. If you're interested in looking at RP go to the National Gallery website you can actually go and search all their collections and you can see all the images of their paintings, if you're interested in doing that.

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The, the reason behind the symbolism of pink and blue, and where it originally came from it is all in the Middle Ages anyway, is related to this, or humour's, and I know that I think it was last year, we had a lecture about the four humours so that whether

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whether you can think back to that lecture and it was talking about these four elements the fire and water. And these represented and different colours and the different elements so we're looking at, air, which is at the top here, and then you're looking

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at fire, which is represented by red, which is blood. It is hot. And if you look at the inner circle here you can see manhood is on the inner circle near read.

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And if we have a look over at Blue, we have that represents, water, and it represents the area for for blue so it's cold and it's wet, whereas fire is hot and it's warm so we looked at Christ being warm, this is the fire.

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it's called medieval bodies. I don't know if anyone's come across this is by jack Hartnell. And that's really interesting read and that talks about the body and the different.

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The humans and the elements of the body as well.

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So if we're moving on to the 1600s, we come across these very elaborate clothing here that people will.

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And we have a Dutch painter called your Hannah's Cornelius best Bronk, and you can see we've got a pink outfit with a blue cloak. So we have we don't have the agenda pink and blue norms as we see today.

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And then also if we move on, we have a saint by the same artist, 1641, a young girl in a blue dress.

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And this is an interesting one. This is American folk art about 1840 and it's from the Honolulu Museum of Art, and this is a boy in a pink dress. So we're looking at pink being used in four boys and four girls this is no sort of like discrimination.

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We also looking at dresses dresses were worn by boys and girls. So a gender neutral really everyone more dresses up until the age of about six, seven, and also the majority of young children, or white.

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So this is an example of someone who would be quite wealthy because they could afford to have a color but most young white. And the reason for that is because it was easy to clean, and if it was marks on it you could just bleach it so you didn't have

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of this pink for boys pink for girls and blue for boys when the children were born, it was all sort of like very gender neutral colours and.

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Another example is the Victorian so this is a Victorian birthday card so on this card you can see that the little girl is in a blue dress and the boy is in a red sort of run proceed here.

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So, again, there's there's no discrimination between these colours being fixed in terms of squares what it's just a picture of a Victorian card. And you can see those role reversal colours there.

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And 1800 1900, we're looking at Franklin Roosevelt here so you might look at that today and think, oh, that's not Franklin Roosevelt that must be a girl.

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She's got little shoes on patent leather shoes. got a white dress on a long hair, but at that time, the girls and the boys was very similar clothes and outfits so to say it was very gender neutral but if we're looking at this now because we've had all

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the exposure to the different colours that we're seeing today in the shops and what babies aware and we look at this, it doesn't it doesn't necessarily sit by with us as well.

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1900s. So it's interesting to think about what you know why do you just suddenly change what happened.

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that that young children look on TV, they're very much role related and related to the to the binaries.

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We have a look at my eye contact it, politics, Toy Museum. I think this, we have to lecture about politics, which was last summer. And some of you may have been attended that lecture I know that people don't like looking at those then sort of look away

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but I contacted them, and I was talking about the use of gender based clothing for dolls and Debbie brown who's a creator there said that the most dollars were just dressed in the traditional long white clothes that you can see this image here so there

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was no such thing called Blue, and she said that there's a few male dolls, and there's a baby dog Doreen, and during dates from the 1930s and Doreen is dressed in a pink knitted outfit.

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Unfortunately I don't have a photograph of Dory. But it's interesting that the dolls that the children played with also replicated what the children were burying at that time.

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But we move on to the 1900s it's interesting to have a look at what's happening in America, because in 1927 and Time Magazine.

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We have a short piece about clothing for boys and girls. And they, the idea is I think for boy because pink was usually used for boys and blue was used for girls, and there's a table at the bottom here showing what type of whatever areas that are geographical

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areas in America and what colours we use so this is in 1927 so so after the First World War. So, we're looking at.

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Manhattan, you've got the different department stores here. And also, at that time in America, there were these some magazines or trade magazines that were sent out to all the houses and residents and people could order things on these in these capitals.

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So here we're saying in Manhattan, at best, think was usually used for boys and girls had blue, clothing, and it may says it was blue for boys, and pink for girls that if you're looking down here in Los Angeles.

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It was blue for boys pink for those.

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colour for boys or girls is a mixture of it, and that was 1927. So, you see that we're looking through the ages of a history and we haven't really come to any decision as to what colour was about to

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move forward to buy the 1960s and 1970s. I don't know whether you still have you here. Do you remember these sort of patterns because I remember as a child, my, my mom used to make a lot of our clothes because we didn't we couldn't really afford to buy

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clothes and also they weren't. It wasn't the availability of clothes that we find these days and in places like prime mark on next.

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And so, this is examples of some some patterns and you see these sorts of gender neutral wrong pursuits. And then again in the 1970s which is on the left here, you've got these again so gender neutral trousers suits.

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And we have the

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blue or, or, or red or yellow. But in the 1960s and 70s. Those of you that, remember, making these outfits for your own children. 60s and 70s was the introduction of the second wave feminism so you had people like Betty Friedan who wrote the feminine

00:17:02.000 --> 00:17:20.000
mystique, and they were talking about freedom and emancipation of women women getting out of the house and being able to work, and not being having to stay at home and behind the kitchen sink, and it was all about very much about freedom and emancipation.

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And these clothes of gender neutral clothes, sort of reflected what was happening in society at that time. And so it's interesting to associate that was what was happening in feminism, and that's what made me think well what.

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Now, and we were sort of like we're feminism has moved along further and further in terms of equality and, but we seem to have gone and started using things like nappies for example, a disposable nappies, we've got the boys nappies and the girls nappies.

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And these were introduced in the 1990s like Pampers, so you can see the poison that piece of gossip like, things like that. And the girls teddy bears and.

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So, we started to see this in the 1990s, and this wasn't related to feminism on top because of the feminism at that time, certainly wasn't restricted to trying to make women go down in certain roles, so the feminine feminine way women staying at home

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and not working.

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It was very much

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in terms of feminism.

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It was more advanced it was people wanting to be equal rather than just swimming being equally was everyone's being equal, and looking at how society can be equal as a whole.

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So, 1990s when we start looking at these colours being introduced the pink and the blue for boys and girls. And then, When we look at today so in 2022.

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There was something recently in the news I don't know whether you saw it about prime okay said prime what we're being accused of selling hugely sexist, kids clothes, and these are some examples of clothes that they had on their website.

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So, for example, you had a girl's sweatshirt in pink and it said dream. And can you have a boys sweatshirt in blue and it says fearless so you think about those words fearless is a boat.

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It's an active word, where stream is, if you think of a girl. You'll tell you telling a girl that they can dream but they can never actually do anything.

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They just got to sit there and dream about it, whereas a boy you're saying to them you're you're fearless you can do anything you want in life.

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And you look down the bottom here.

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We have never hold back this is a boys t shirt. So say two boys your fears Don't hold back, you could do anything you want to, whereas girls dream about it you can smile, bright and happy and have a lovely smile on your face, but you know, you need to

00:20:12.000 --> 00:20:15.000
hold back your girl you were pink.

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And that's how you are you're not like boys you can play with pink clothes, Barbie dolls, and anything that's pink. You can watch princess some frozen Disney films but remember your girl so as long as you smile everyone will like you.

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And so, this is this is 2022. And I find it.

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I find that we seem to have sort of reverted and go back to a period where women didn't have equality and it's interesting to, to find out whether this is just being accepted as normal, or whether this is something that people are going to be starting

00:20:56.000 --> 00:21:11.000
to talk about or discuss and, and also challenging. So, in response to this prime Mark said that there's a broad range of styles across the kids clothing and they're catering for mixed tastes.

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And they said, in recent times they've removed gender specific labels. However, I don't feel that these are gender neutral. These clothing that is here.

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And they're also saying that they're always learning so we welcome customer feedback so it's good that they welcome customer feedback but these items are still on their website.

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And I also had a look at. Next, and they have got several items on their website as well.

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And then I had to walk around Northridge the other week and took some photographs.

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Those baby clothes in pink. So it's quite striking that

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this is evident today, whereas I certainly don't remember it when I was younger or when even when I was bringing up my children.

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There's also something else that is started in the 2000s that has come across from America and they called baby gender reveal party is I don't know whether anyone's heard about these, but what the Americans do and what is coming over into this country

00:22:22.000 --> 00:22:43.000
as well, is that before a baby's born, the parents will have a scan done, and told what sex the babies, so they will then have a party, invite all their friends and families, before the baby's born and do a big surprise party with the colors represented.

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And the change of their baby but their, their friends and family have to guess what sex it is. And if they guess right you have these things like this is this is blue feathers here that will coming out of the box so it's a really big thing in America

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is gender reveal party is.

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When I first heard about gender and I thought, Oh, that's a nice idea I thought it was about people being able to talk about the agenda in terms of LGBT q i also love the idea to have an agenda reveal party and then I realized oh no it's not.

00:23:15.000 --> 00:23:33.000
It's actually people having a party before the baby's born and actually determining the colours the colours of this binary male, female, pink, blue, a fist baby before, before the babies even born.

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So, I wanted to ask you and this is where Fiona is going to pop in and awesome just pause for a moment I want to ask you, or why do you think colours of change to the pink and blue stereotypes that we see today, because it is very, it's only very recent

00:23:54.000 --> 00:24:10.000
this has happened. And some of you may remember back to when you have at your children or grandchildren and I said I remember as a child and having my children they didn't seem to be so extreme as it is now.

00:24:10.000 --> 00:24:15.000
So I'm going to show a stop sharing, Fiona.

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Yeah. Stop shooting for a little minute and if people want to put their comments, and what they think the answers to that question into the, into the chat, and we can we can talk through some of them.

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So we'll give you a little minute to do that.

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Why do you think these colors of change to the pink and blue. They used to be gender, gender neutral colors for young children and babies. So why do you think this might have changed.

00:24:48.000 --> 00:25:00.000
Okay, so like few comments coming in there and power of the media Barbies. It's all to do with marketing.

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And yet, a lot of the comments that are coming in, is around that the actual marketing.

00:25:06.000 --> 00:25:11.000
Not sure if I a girl can't buy a blue top or vice versa, surely no difference.

00:25:11.000 --> 00:25:24.000
Eg no buttons doing up opposite sides and shirts, because you do see that don't you address the buttons and zips and things a lot marketing is a really good point.

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Yeah.

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And I'll come on to that and the next slide.

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easier to categorize for consumer stick purposes.

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Yeah.

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Yeah.

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It seems to be marketing and advertising so that kind of accord with your thoughts on it Rachel.

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Yes.

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Pink Pink fairies on TV. Yes.

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And and also way, if you think about someone in the chat has talked about missing baby clothes and it was all very gender neutral colors I lemon and whites and cream.

00:26:06.000 --> 00:26:16.000
And also, just some of you remember making clothes for your children using those patterns that were again sort of gender neutral.

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I'm talking about.

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We got here, commercialism.

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When is it, there's just a quick question here that we could maybe answer no since we're talking about this is a very very quick question from Andrew, Alexander, you said it was quite recently that this pink and blue binary thing came along.

00:26:44.000 --> 00:26:55.000
It then leads over to this country so we were talking about it, mentioned about the nappies that the Pampers nappies girls nappies and boys nappies with the different colours on them.

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And I didn't I didn't use disposal on that piece I use cloth nappies and I will just like white.

00:27:04.000 --> 00:27:14.000
But it is again, it's about. Suppose selling selling more nappies that they said all the girls nappies are different, because they had the boys.

00:27:14.000 --> 00:27:20.000
When do you use cloth nappies it's always actually the same.

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:33.000
So yes so I started 1990s in America and then move over here. And as we're seeing now in sort by the 2020s we're seeing these gender reveal party shark and American.

00:27:33.000 --> 00:27:47.000
Bear in mind that we are talking about Western culture. We only talking about Western culture with these colous, and in terms of the babies and the young, young children, it's Western culture alone yeah there's a few people saying about you know the reason

00:27:47.000 --> 00:28:00.000
I was asking that is there's a few people saying about kind of remembering the pink and blue thing from a bit earlier than that. And in the 50s and 60s perhaps.

00:28:00.000 --> 00:28:18.000
It may have been a bit earlier but the the research I've done said it was mostly in the 1990s because in the 50s 60s, there were more gender neutral colors and the babies lot babies were just fess up like white or black fitted clothes but it should be

00:28:18.000 --> 00:28:20.000
why to let them.

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And also, in the 1970s, when there was that push back against what's been happening in the in the 50s with women told to stay at home and not work then we have this pretty much sort of like gender neutral posing as well.

00:28:36.000 --> 00:28:41.000
And the, The young girls and children wearing trousers seats.

00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:54.000
Yeah. And just sits in the other interesting comments we've got lots of comments which obviously I'll pass on to you afterwards and Mitchell.

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I just thought there's a comment there by Jill Arnold about there's no evidence that children naturally favour one colour. Well when when babies are born, then they don't favorite color because they don't have any choice what they've been in today.

00:29:09.000 --> 00:29:25.000
And so, the same with young, young babies and young children, the clothes are bought by their parents and their parents or grandparents will dress them in certain clothing so they don't really have a choice but if they they favor one color or the answer

00:29:25.000 --> 00:29:38.000
will because they're surrounded by these colors and now I'll go into that now. So if I just share my screen here, of course, thanks, thanks very much for all your comments folks we will certainly be taking these away afterwards.

00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:43.000
Just

00:29:43.000 --> 00:30:02.000
share my screen, and hopefully everyone can see that. So, when we talking about will children naturally favour, different colours that the theory behind this is all about gender social construction so when a baby is born.

00:30:02.000 --> 00:30:21.000
They don't have any have any favourite colours, so they put in colours by their parents by their clothing, and just the way that parents will treat the children as well in terms of the words that they're using and the descriptions and the toys that they

00:30:21.000 --> 00:30:23.000
buy. So, I think.

00:30:23.000 --> 00:30:42.000
Lots of people mentioned that consumerism and the pink and blue consumerism is in fact reinforcing and imposing this binary plan it seems to be going backwards rather than being progressive and looking forward, and it's normalizing gender as a binary

00:30:42.000 --> 00:31:01.000
construction so we are talking about gender roles, being created or constructed by a society. So when you're born you don't have any preference over your gender role but you see everything a young baby sees what's happening around it and he absorbs everything.

00:31:01.000 --> 00:31:21.000
And then so it sees young children will see their peers, wearing pink girls and the boys will see a boy is wearing blue with the slogans on their t shirts saying fearless and things like that so it's about what happened in society, and it's about this

00:31:21.000 --> 00:31:40.000
performative city and this construction of what people can see. And so, we have a well known academic Judith Butler who wrote in 1990, that we act in ways that consolidate the impression of building a man or a woman so when you're born.

00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:46.000
You can be born male or female, but you don't start to

00:31:46.000 --> 00:31:55.000
express yourself as male or female, what is this all about what happens around you, what the environments like as to how you express yourself.

00:31:55.000 --> 00:32:11.000
And then we have Iris, Marion young in 1980 wrote a book about throwing like a girl, and she said that girls are physically inhibited can find positions and objectified.

00:32:11.000 --> 00:32:21.000
So we're looking at when babies are born, they and they start going through their to their preschool they see what they watch TV.

00:32:21.000 --> 00:32:33.000
They bought clothes that they're wearing. And there they are, they automatically assume that they can dream and they can smile and they can look pretty because that's what they should be doing that's what's acceptable by society.

00:32:33.000 --> 00:32:40.000
I'm not saying this happens to all parents do this but it's what we see around us all the time.

00:32:40.000 --> 00:32:57.000
And Joe paralytic in 2012 that was written a book about this pink, blue, and she said that it could have gone the other way so I'm really looking at so like the 1990s it could have gone the other way so there's no, there's no logical rationale for why

00:32:57.000 --> 00:33:10.000
there was this color shift and why children are continuing to use white but then why it isn't of these days it's not a very practical color for for young children and babies to wear so that's probably why why it wasn't continued to be used, but there

00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:26.000
other colors you like green, yellow, but yet, Joe has written. Another academic has written articles and books about it there's no logical reason for this to happen, which is why I sort of like pose that question to you, to see what do you think about

00:33:26.000 --> 00:33:30.000
why you think that might have been a reason for it.

00:33:30.000 --> 00:33:36.000
And I can see that most of you are saying that there's a lot about consumerism because

00:33:36.000 --> 00:33:48.000
if things are selling as a pink bicycle for will be sold for young girls.

00:33:48.000 --> 00:34:03.000
Then there's more pink bicycles as soon as a young girl sees a pink bicycle they'll say oh I want that because they're being used to wearing pink their clothes are pink the same smile be happy they want to thank you Bobby bicycle.

00:34:03.000 --> 00:34:14.000
And then the same with the boys, if they're saying, if you're looking at a toy shop and you have a look at the Lego. Most of the Lego is. Although go, obviously.

00:34:14.000 --> 00:34:25.000
Any child complaint with yet Lego but when you look at the Lego in the on the shelf you have, as soon as it gets just like girls like pink.

00:34:25.000 --> 00:34:39.000
And you've got houses and houses and there shouldn't I don't feel there should be any reason why should it be pink me let me look outside and we don't see pink houses three houses have brown.

00:34:39.000 --> 00:34:54.000
They've got fast moves or they're white, we don't see that that we don't see pink houses, whereas when you look at the Lego for Star Wars, for example, it's the actual colours that are in the film which is like the grays and the browns.

00:34:54.000 --> 00:35:15.000
So, these academics are talking about how the agenda roles are constructed so being constructed by society by us by consumers. And so we're all up to blame really for for what what is this happening at the moment.

00:35:15.000 --> 00:35:28.000
I'm going to move on to the LGBT q pride colours, that's represented here so the LGBT Q

00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:31.000
pride as being LGBT Q.

00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:53.000
History Month at the moment. Each of these colors represents a certain element, and the pride rainbow flag was again designed in the US came over from the US by Gilbert Baker, in 1978, and there's a symbol for the LGBT community.

00:35:53.000 --> 00:35:57.000
So, we have the rainbow colour starting with the red.

00:35:57.000 --> 00:36:04.000
That represents life. And then you have the orange healing. You have the sunlight of the yellow.

00:36:04.000 --> 00:36:18.000
And then you have nature, which is green. You got peace, blue and spirit, which is the violence or purple so I'm thinking about these colors if you go back to what I was talking about earlier.

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:32.000
In this lecture we were talking about the child and Madonna was nearly always represented with Blue.

00:36:32.000 --> 00:36:39.000
And then, we're talking about the red which in some cases which Christ was wearing red we're talking about life.

00:36:39.000 --> 00:36:56.000
So, if we're looking at these colours here in the rainbow is also we can go back in time to the history of civilization civilization of colours and right back to those for humans to see how these colours are now use a sort of present day.

00:36:56.000 --> 00:37:02.000
So, the rainbow in history has symbolized harmony.

00:37:02.000 --> 00:37:12.000
It's hope. So when you have Noah's Ark Noah's Ark. I see this rainbow and as a sign of hope that there's going to be land on the rise and so it's like dreams hope.

00:37:12.000 --> 00:37:26.000
It's a promise of a better future and new beginnings as well, but it's also meant to represent solidarity and equality. So, this flag

00:37:26.000 --> 00:37:45.000
from America in 1978 But since then, there were some of you aware but we have a new flag, and which first started in 2018. And then in 2021 it was, it was altered slightly so we have this new flag and it's called the pride progress flag.

00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:49.000
And this has additional

00:37:49.000 --> 00:38:08.000
symbolism, added to the first LGBT q plus flag so we have the colours on the right hand side here which are the same as the previous slide, but also we have the black and the brown colours here and an arrow which represent people of colour.

00:38:08.000 --> 00:38:23.000
Then we have the blue and the pink and the white here, which represent trans. And then we also have this yellow triangle with the purple oval shape here which represents intersex.

00:38:23.000 --> 00:38:40.000
So those of you who are not familiar with intersects intersected intersex is neither male or female is all fits in in the in the middle there. So, in terms of biology someone who's intersex can have female and male biological organs.

00:38:40.000 --> 00:38:58.000
So, the flag that most people might see now is this new flag which you've got you've got an arrow here which, as you can see that the point of the, the black and the brown arrow pointing to the right and this represents progression and moving forward.

00:38:58.000 --> 00:39:04.000
And in 2021 this was designed this new fad here with the.

00:39:04.000 --> 00:39:23.000
the intersects section was designed by Valentino machete, and the pride progress flag was Daniel Quasar. So, I'm going to give you some quotes from Daniel just for the reasons why flag change.

00:39:23.000 --> 00:39:34.000
So, what he was saying is that they the arrow points to the right to show sort of like a forward movement, and to illustrate progress, and more progress still needs to be made.

00:39:34.000 --> 00:39:52.000
And he also says that this new design forces the viewer to reflect on their own feelings towards the original pride flag so a lot of us are used to seeing this rainbow colors of the original pride flag but LGBT q plus community and looking more outwards

00:39:52.000 --> 00:40:04.000
and being more inclusive by adding people of color and trans people and then intersects as well. So, the original pride flag has been developed further.

00:40:04.000 --> 00:40:18.000
So Daniel saying that there's different opinions on what the flag really means. But it needs to be bringing it into clear focus about the current needs within our community so we're talking about currently is.

00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:33.000
22 about what society, it is, this is, again, is in Western culture society in Western culture, and what it represents.

00:40:33.000 --> 00:40:46.000
Got some slides here with some resources on for you so there's a really good website called the LGBT q history month so if you want to find out more about LGBT q plus his website, go to.

00:40:46.000 --> 00:40:51.000
And there's the article there about the prime mark.

00:40:51.000 --> 00:41:00.000
And the sexist kids clothes. And there's also Stonewall that you can go to and find some information about LGBT Q.

00:41:00.000 --> 00:41:17.000
There's some further reading so I've got books here, and I know that Fiona is going to make the presentation available so there's some further reading there some books I was talking about but then Hartnell and young as well throwing like a girl so if

00:41:17.000 --> 00:41:23.000
you're interested in reading more about the theories behind this. Then there's there's some further reading to do.

00:41:23.000 --> 00:41:36.000
And there are also some courses that I'm doing coming up for the weekend. So on Saturday we have started the conversation using gender neutral pronouns which some of you might have been attended for the lectures.

00:41:36.000 --> 00:41:50.000
And then on the Sunday, we've got the pink or blue, and it's in a, although I'll be including some of the material from this lecture be more discussion based there'd be lots of opportunities.

00:41:50.000 --> 00:42:06.000
And then, please see the woman's body subjugation oppression which will be an interesting topic so I've got those ones coming up. And as moving on to q amp a open question time.

00:42:06.000 --> 00:42:19.000
I'm going to pass over to Fiona, and that's let's say thank you very much for listening to me and I'm having a look at the the chat here to answer some of your questions.

00:42:19.000 --> 00:42:32.000
So I'm just going to stop sharing so right Fiona. Yeah, that's absolutely fine. Thanks very much for that Rachel that was, that was really interesting right I'm going to just launch into some questions I need to scroll up so we've had lots and lots of

00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:34.000
comments which is fantastic.

00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:49.000
And no, let me see. I'm just going to sort of start from the top, basically, am right there with me, everybody.

00:42:49.000 --> 00:43:05.000
Right. It was a question from make and it's when you were sort of talking about that the history of of the sort of colours, and he's asking why is all about pink and blue did people never were other colours.

00:43:05.000 --> 00:43:13.000
Um, people wore other colours. If you look at, look, I'm talking about sort of like babies and young children.

00:43:13.000 --> 00:43:17.000
Prior to the 1990s.

00:43:17.000 --> 00:43:20.000
General lots of different colours were used.

00:43:20.000 --> 00:43:38.000
So more gender neutral colours but it's not until recently, this pink, blue, has been more dominant as colours for male and female young children, and it's just interesting to find out why this is the case that considering where we think that we're more

00:43:38.000 --> 00:43:47.000
more progressive we look at the price flag and we are we're, we're really progressive we've, we've added extra colours to the pride flag to show how inclusive we are.

00:43:47.000 --> 00:43:53.000
Whereas, we're going backwards a step backwards in terms of how we're addressing children.

00:43:53.000 --> 00:44:00.000
And what how we're talking to our children and what toys they're playing with and what they're watching on TV.

00:44:00.000 --> 00:44:07.000
Okay. And, okay. A question from gene.

00:44:07.000 --> 00:44:17.000
And it's when you were talking about those patterns that you got you know those sort of kids, and the patterns, and you could still see the girls and blue.

00:44:17.000 --> 00:44:20.000
I think it was going back into the 50s and 60s.

00:44:20.000 --> 00:44:22.000
Could the blue have been denim.

00:44:22.000 --> 00:44:26.000
which I guess is unisex.

00:44:26.000 --> 00:44:32.000
Yeah, denim is a unisex Yeah.

00:44:32.000 --> 00:44:37.000
And there's also damage, it can be other colours content can be black and.

00:44:37.000 --> 00:44:38.000
Yeah.

00:44:38.000 --> 00:44:39.000
Okay.

00:44:39.000 --> 00:44:51.000
Um, a question from Sue, actually this is a really interesting one. What is the norm, and other cultures and Diana Harvey was also asking, you know, a similar question.

00:44:51.000 --> 00:45:12.000
What about in the Far East, for example, how do we see these kinds of this kind of binary kind of pink and blue thing happening and other cultures, we don't we don't tend to see this as much which is why as I emphasize this is a Western culture, because

00:45:12.000 --> 00:45:23.000
we're talking about consumerism as well, and the western capitalist culture of consumerism and if you look at the Far East, if you look at.

00:45:23.000 --> 00:45:26.000
If you look at Afghanistan as an example.

00:45:26.000 --> 00:45:30.000
The women in Afghanistan, often wear.

00:45:30.000 --> 00:45:50.000
What is most popular colour is black, and then you can also see the dark blue. And it's totally different culture to the Western culture in terms of what is available to buy in the shops and what is available for clothing what's available for books, and

00:45:50.000 --> 00:46:07.000
what's available for for toys, we, we think we have a choice, we haven't big choice but if you go to your local JoJo, my mom, baby I think that's who they are, and I'm going there want to buy something for a grandchild.

00:46:07.000 --> 00:46:17.000
You just got in front of you, you just got the pink and blue there well I don't think I would just buy something, gender neutral you don't have a lot of choice so we think we've got choice when we haven't actually.

00:46:17.000 --> 00:46:24.000
I think that's something that we need to do we need to change that we need to challenge that.

00:46:24.000 --> 00:46:25.000
Okay.

00:46:25.000 --> 00:46:35.000
And a question from Sylvia. Now this is talking about the pride flag and the change the recent change to the flag.

00:46:35.000 --> 00:46:47.000
And so he's asking quite that the flag needs to be amended the words life healing, except a couple of people of every color and religion surely does it need to be explained and expanded.

00:46:47.000 --> 00:47:08.000
That's an interesting question because the the pride flag was created in the 1970s. And if you think back about feminism feminism, and in the 1970s 60s and 70s was presumably predominantly white women.

00:47:08.000 --> 00:47:26.000
If you look at Greenham common there was white women. So, what the the pride movement has looked at and reflected on is that we don't, they don't want to be represented as white Western pride in got to include everybody regardless of who they are.

00:47:26.000 --> 00:47:38.000
So, which is why we have those additional colours, and it's reflected in what we what we do in society today as well in Western society.

00:47:38.000 --> 00:47:39.000
Yeah.

00:47:39.000 --> 00:47:41.000
Interesting.

00:47:41.000 --> 00:47:58.000
Okay. No, we've got a little bit of time here, and noting was actually asking whether you could maybe say a little bit about gender neutral pronouns, just know because we've probably got some people on the lecture today that weren't around, and on the

00:47:58.000 --> 00:48:14.000
previous one, that you did on this. And I don't know whether you can maybe talk a little bit about the gender neutral pronouns that we have no gender, inclusive pronouns, as they and them.

00:48:14.000 --> 00:48:35.000
So, if you are me not for my, my name and zoom for example I've put my pronouns which is she in her, which are the pronouns that I use. And so some people may not use those pronouns, they may use the and them, and if you see someone, especially if you're

00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:48.000
in a zoom session and you see someone who's got the them pronouns, it means they want to be identified as gender neutral and they don't want to be referred to as he or she they want to refer to as they.

00:48:48.000 --> 00:49:10.000
So it's about respecting someone's identity and and being so respectful unkind to everybody. And you might find that them you come across more people now in the media, who refer to their identity as they are them so it's something that a lot of young

00:49:10.000 --> 00:49:30.000
people are questioning at the moment as well so the figures also one in 10, young people identify as gender neutral in terms of the them pronouns, so that's something that you would be, could come across perhaps with your, your children or grandchildren,

00:49:30.000 --> 00:49:44.000
that you can have a discussion with without feeling that you aren't you don't have the knowledge or you're not aware or haven't heard of these that you know the pronouns before.

00:49:44.000 --> 00:49:53.000
Yeah. Okay, now I'm just trying to find another wasn't so much question it was more comment that I thought was really interesting. Hold on one second.

00:49:53.000 --> 00:50:03.000
And, yeah, this was a comment from Linda what ends up that you don't mind me mentioning this one. And it's coming back to sort of coming back to sort of gender stereotypes.

00:50:03.000 --> 00:50:15.000
And that is the CD that the freeze Boys Don't Cry have led to many issues with mental well being and the higher levels of suicide and men, especially young man, this man way to express emotions.

00:50:15.000 --> 00:50:19.000
I don't know if you've got any thoughts around that.

00:50:19.000 --> 00:50:34.000
No, I remember when my oldest was at school and, and I had, there was something happened to the primary school, I had to go in and add a discussion with the head teacher, and he just said to me Oh boys will be boys.

00:50:34.000 --> 00:50:49.000
And so I looked at him and I thought, What are you talking about boys will be boys. And I just thought it was such an awful thing to say, Oh, it's an excuse boys can go fight and bully each other because they're Boys, boys, girls can be girl so that they

00:50:49.000 --> 00:51:06.000
wouldn't be allowed to do that type of thing in the playground. So, isn't it is excusing their behaviour. So yes it is there's a lot of people still think like that so if people think that you to if you show kindness, or you should have feelings that's

00:51:06.000 --> 00:51:06.000
a sign of weakness.

00:51:06.000 --> 00:51:26.000
of weakness. And that's where I was coach coming to when I was talking about the prime up, clothing, and the the male and female stereotypes on there and the wording wordings that are used on that clothing for boys, for example, be brave and fearless

00:51:26.000 --> 00:51:41.000
girls smile and be kind. So, I mean I hopefully that the people that are here now when you're thinking, next time you thinking about buying clothes for your children or your grandchildren you look at these look online at by Marco and when you go into

00:51:41.000 --> 00:51:46.000
the IP coming up and and probably aren't going to buy something new.

00:51:46.000 --> 00:52:01.000
There's not going to have all these words on it but the pink smile. Are you gonna have a look at for a really good t shirt, it's got a track to order and it's green and you're going to give it to your granddaughter, you know, so you do something, you

00:52:01.000 --> 00:52:09.000
can challenge this as well. And I think you might be I mean I'm going to that situation life where I've got grandchildren, but I'm just thinking.

00:52:09.000 --> 00:52:20.000
When I have grandchildren and daughter in law and dresses the child in baby pink over time, I would probably find it quite difficult. So why would intervene.

00:52:20.000 --> 00:52:34.000
But then, I probably be told that I'm interfering so it's quite difficult isn't it because you can buy when the grandchildren come to you, you can dress them in what you think is is appropriate, but when they go home then.

00:52:34.000 --> 00:52:49.000
It's quite a different story and then it could, you could end up in a few arguments with family, but I think you do have to challenge. These, these binaries and you have to think about the welfare of the children as well and the girls need to be brave

00:52:49.000 --> 00:53:00.000
and they need to be fearless just as much as, boys, was like my little niece, and my two year old niece she wears her big brother's hand me downs. So yes, yeah.

00:53:00.000 --> 00:53:06.000
And now we've got another comment here so got a few minutes, and this is from Louisa.

00:53:06.000 --> 00:53:18.000
And there's a huge gender stereotyping in ways that restrict people have both sexes. When the trans conflicts with so much less if we went to binary in first place.

00:53:18.000 --> 00:53:21.000
Chase then comment.

00:53:21.000 --> 00:53:24.000
I'm

00:53:24.000 --> 00:53:27.000
sorry I was looking at the chat Can you repeat that please.

00:53:27.000 --> 00:53:43.000
Yeah, so, and Louisa was saying there is a huge, gender, there's huge gender stereotyping in ways that restrict people both sexes. And when the trans conflict, be so much less if we weren't so binary in the first place.

00:53:43.000 --> 00:54:00.000
Yeah, that is true that and that's what we're trying to work towards in terms of our Western culture and society, especially with the example of that pride flag, but you got to think about if we're very fortunate in this country and in the Western society.

00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:12.000
And there's other countries across the world that don't have that freedom. And for example, we've got the Winter Olympics at the moment in China, and our athletes have been told.

00:54:12.000 --> 00:54:28.000
Do not talk about anything regarding net gender or anything contentious, and the same if any sports are happening in Russia. Then again, they have to be have to be really careful athletes have to be really careful about what they say and how they act

00:54:28.000 --> 00:54:38.000
which you shouldn't have to be like that but that's, that's how it is globally so we have to think about we're really fortunate to be in society where we do have that freedom, but we don't.

00:54:38.000 --> 00:54:59.000
On the other hand, we don't want to fall into that consumerism trap of saying that our young girls are got to be kind and touchy feely whereas our young boys aren't allowed to do that they aren't allowed to cry because it's, it's not, it's not manly.

00:54:59.000 --> 00:55:06.000
So, we need to be thinking about what we're doing as well in a Western society not to fall into that trap.

00:55:06.000 --> 00:55:19.000
Okay. Now let me see if there's anything else that's coming a little bit later. No, I think we've got through most things. We've got lots and lots of comments for you.

00:55:19.000 --> 00:55:38.000
And not just with our family bakers or I'd love to do research on family bakers because I'd have to try all the cakes as well you see. Yeah, I did a PhD for seven years, eating a lot of cases to taste them also with the pink cake tastes different to blue

00:55:38.000 --> 00:55:44.000
cake. Yeah that's quite it's quite an interesting point that Norman's making there listen to it. Yeah.

00:55:44.000 --> 00:55:53.000
Yeah, they are they are gender but wouldn't that be the case of, if you are asking a baker to create a cake for your daughter's birthday you would tell them what colors you want.

00:55:53.000 --> 00:56:05.000
And when you go to the supermarket you wouldn't buy one that's got pink on me by something that's not clear chocolate covered so so it's up to you in that sense of what you asked the baker to create for you.

00:56:05.000 --> 00:56:10.000
Yeah, might be useful for it for research though.

00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:11.000
Yeah.

00:56:11.000 --> 00:56:17.000
And. Okay, let's have a look just to see.

00:56:17.000 --> 00:56:20.000
Yeah, this is an interesting comment from.

00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:30.000
And when children are in school the opinions of siblings affect children and probably feel comfortable with an interesting point.

00:56:30.000 --> 00:56:38.000
I think that I suppose their peers as well. Yes, that's a good point about schools because a school uniform.

00:56:38.000 --> 00:56:45.000
It has changed a bit over the last few years but it's still very much in terms of that binary.

00:56:45.000 --> 00:57:01.000
The boys for example won't be encouraged to wear skirts to school, and the young girls can wear skirts and, and they can wear trousers, but the boys aren't allowed to wear skirts, and there was a case I think it was last year, the year before, where some

00:57:01.000 --> 00:57:12.000
of the boys in the high school came into school and in dresses and skirts Didn't they, they were told to go home and change

00:57:12.000 --> 00:57:19.000
schools is a p kids. If you notice that the P kids, boys and girls that don't wear the same.

00:57:19.000 --> 00:57:30.000
And also, in terms of what activities they do in PE, you'll notice in in high schools in primary schools are basically the same activities in high school.

00:57:30.000 --> 00:57:39.000
It's still the fact that girls will be doing that ball trampolining, and then boys will be doing football rugby.

00:57:39.000 --> 00:57:44.000
And then if girls want to do football they can be as an extra curricular activity.

00:57:44.000 --> 00:58:02.000
Yeah. And another interesting point here actually. And obviously quite relevant to myself, and Scotland we have men and kilts. So, yeah, So that's another reason why because we have Scott says no reason why men can't wear skirts,

00:58:02.000 --> 00:58:15.000
but they don't, you don't see many men wearing skirts because it's not accepted so socially it's not accepted if you wear a kilt but when you go to wedding so that's accepted.

00:58:15.000 --> 00:58:17.000
But otherwise it wouldn't be.

00:00:02.000 --> 00:00:12.000
There we go. So recording. So, Jackie, I think, the floor is yours. Thank you very much. Let's do the famous screen share or being well.

00:00:12.000 --> 00:00:25.000
It's lovely to watch spot one or two familiar faces in our audience this afternoon and thank you very much indeed to the WA for many, many things, not only just the opportunity to talk to you to members this afternoon.

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So we have got a poet film is going to share with you, and any second now

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appears I'll just talk a little bit about myself. In terms of family history.

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And

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there you go. So if you, some of you can manage to fill that in while you're listening I'm just going to chatter on about the fellas mentioned the second career so I was put on the scrap heap from a very pressured administrative career, and the WA gate

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with the chance to teach and train as an adult education tutor and without the confidence that the family history students in the who have given me, I would have never done all these different events such as teaching on a cruise, not at all what I anticipated

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when I first lost my job.

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So, I'm just looking at the number of poles going in. So what we're going to do this afternoon to talk a little bit about the theory.

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And then we're also going to look at the results, what you can achieve and very briefly how, because it is terrific fun.

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And on the polls are still coming in so we have a voluntary element. When I started, I was a member of a family history society, and now it's huge so roots tech you can see on screen is run by the church of Latter Day Saints.

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And last year when they did it they had 3.4 million delegates worldwide enter right i think Fiona we've got the most people that are going to answer have answered me, are you able to see the results Jackie, I am yes indeed so the TV series of course,

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like most TV series catapulted, the hobby, if we can call it that into a wider exposure and also encourage people to have a little investigation and those that had already done it suddenly began to realize the potential out there, house through time has

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done a similar thing for House District, which again was something that happened before. None of this is new. It's just a revamp. And then we have the major website so ancestry.

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Find my passengers to the huge American site by Matt pasties British Scottish, I'll just give that a plug seat knowing where Filner is, and I'm sure we've got some people from Scotland where this family search Church of Latter Day Saints and some of you

00:03:05.000 --> 00:03:11.000
don't know anything at all. And so that's super will take you through that.

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So the theory of doing family history is extremely easy.

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We start with one document, and that's your own birth certificate, this is not mine. Please note, I hope I don't look as if I was born in 1980, but the fat Mozart's 1918 should trigger signpost to you that there will be first world war records to investigate.

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So that's what you do you start with your own family knowledge we work from the known to the unknown is the strategy.

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And we then can build it going one way or the other. By that I mean, the male and the female line.

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And we want to chart it so you can do something colorful like this, which is more attractive and perhaps encouraging to people when nice stylized colorful tree, or if you were in one of my beginners classes for the WEA.

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This is the type of document, I'd be giving you. So I'd want you to put yourself there. And I'd want to slay this to put your name, when you were born with.

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Because your that your husband is part of your backwards tree from your birth certificate we get the name of your parents so they would go in there and again your mother in her maiden name, the name she's born with.

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And the evidence for that has come from your birth certificate.

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If you get your parents marriage certificate then, Up until recently we only got father's on it.

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And we could then get from the two fathers, going back a generation. And then when we get your parents birth certificates we get my dad again. And so we roll back through various records.

00:05:01.000 --> 00:05:11.000
So this birth brief as we call it, is there to keep you focused and also to show you, gaps and encourage you to work chronologically.

00:05:11.000 --> 00:05:30.000
So this chart graph of sauces would actually designed by one of my very first students 20 odd years ago, and it's still going strong with a few tweaks.

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And of course, none of this was created for the family historian, they were created for other reasons.

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So, let's go at the strategy we build a skeleton tree from your own, and family knowledge, don't forget to ask family and neighbors, you might get the juicy truth from neighbors.

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Think about this if the system in of civil registration which we have now birth marriage and death certificates. We which that England and Wales started in 1837, and we have indexes to those to see a certificate, you have to buy it.

00:06:11.000 --> 00:06:21.000
Alongside that in government records we have the census and we've had all the excitement to the 1921 sensors coming out.

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And because the 1931 census was destroyed in a fire by accident, and the 1940 census wasn't taken because of the war.

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So we're going to have a massive gap between 1921 and 1951 which is when the next one comes out. If we are here to know about it, then to go further back what we call a magic date of 1837, then we use church records and these are called parish registers.

00:06:53.000 --> 00:07:06.000
The system was set up in 1538, and it's designed to record a baptism, not a birth, a marriage, per se, and burial, as opposed to a death.

00:07:06.000 --> 00:07:16.000
And if everybody's where they should be under the names that we expect them to be in this really easy, you just to Colombo, like that.

00:07:16.000 --> 00:07:28.000
But of course, there for some people for the younger people doing family history from me from them to the 1921 sensors can be quite a gap.

00:07:28.000 --> 00:07:42.000
We now have the 1939 register which filters in there, and also gives cross referencing evidence and we'll look at that in a minute.

00:07:42.000 --> 00:08:02.000
We need to recording system has shown you that very basic birth brief, but also we need something a little more, prompting such as names occupations birth, death, marriage date and place.

00:08:02.000 --> 00:08:12.000
We need to build the life of the person, because that's what's interesting what did they do what was their place in history, what was going on around them.

00:08:12.000 --> 00:08:20.000
And these are some very basic forms yet again, that will go to one of my beginners classes.

00:08:20.000 --> 00:08:35.000
But of course nowadays we do things on computer we combine it with paper there's nothing like having a piece of paper, but with a computer program we can put photographs in easily as you can see here, we can alter it is a link.

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We can tell our sources easily because we must know where we got the information from if we want to double check it. And of course we want to print it out we might want to share it family, friends, And this is a basic timeline the computer prints out

00:08:52.000 --> 00:08:52.000
whatever you've chosen to put in sources, etc.

00:08:52.000 --> 00:09:01.000
you've chosen to put in sources, etc. And it can reference it and create a bibliography, as well.

00:09:01.000 --> 00:09:11.000
And we want the tree, because that's attractive, but those of you have never done any family history might look at this and think, Okay, that looks fine.

00:09:11.000 --> 00:09:25.000
And if you've done it will know what a lot of hard work could have gone into this. And we also want to survive beyond us. So maybe putting in a background image like this, of the church that was key to this family.

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You can print this out on color printers these days are have it printed for you and get it framed and it can hang on the wall as a significant anniversary present maybe.

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But not everything wants to be done by computer so some of you might rather like embroidery, as this lady on the left it, these squares, which is illustrate pieces of her family history, and they're in wall hangings, you might like scrapbooking done my

00:09:57.000 --> 00:10:01.000
house history in the middle there, because we don't want this to be thrown away.

00:10:01.000 --> 00:10:17.000
And if you're a creative writer, then get on with it right but up and tell us why you want to do it, and record the story, and hopefully that will live on, and be an heirloom of the future.

00:10:17.000 --> 00:10:29.000
So, our basic documents then I've already suggested, your own birth certificate from that we are specifically looking for the former name of the mother.

00:10:29.000 --> 00:10:43.000
In this case, case why clock or Whitlock spelling variants or something we need to get used to. For a said this is first of all daughter certificate. I actually bought off eBay, as I did this one.

00:10:43.000 --> 00:11:02.000
And so the marriage certificate as we've said, gives you the fathers of the bride and groom. In this case, it says they're deceased. Now, first of all I will question whether they were ever alive because people do, it's an official document that they're

00:11:02.000 --> 00:11:08.000
not forced to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.

00:11:08.000 --> 00:11:25.000
So we've got the next generation back on the maternal paternal side, we also want to get the birth certificates for the bride and groom. And we're going to look at their ages and take that away from the year of marriage, but in this case this lady appears

00:11:25.000 --> 00:11:41.000
to be marrying somebody who's a little bit younger than her. That is that true. No, ladies and gentlemen, it isn't. She is fudging the truth, she's a little bit older than she says, So we never believe.

00:11:41.000 --> 00:11:48.000
Don't take it at face value of, initially, but check and check and check.

00:11:48.000 --> 00:12:00.000
Now we need to what we call kill people off. We can't build a tree from somebody that dies at five. So again, you've got to buy these things but pinpoint them in the indexes.

00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:18.000
And if you don't get the certificate, you might miss something interesting that has happened to this part chap. He came to a sticky and why I use this certificate is because this is an industrial accident as you might call it.

00:12:18.000 --> 00:12:32.000
So we've got the coroner involved in the potential of coroner's records, but they'll also be reports in newspapers, of the x and the inquest, and we gain more information.

00:12:32.000 --> 00:12:35.000
I mentioned the 39 register.

00:12:35.000 --> 00:12:53.000
This is a one off. On the night of the 29th of sep tember 1939 designed to issue, Russian cards to include everybody in theory, but not military because they would be on camps and they are separately.

00:12:53.000 --> 00:13:05.000
This was used to set up the NHS, and was used as a regular document until 1921 show you an image next but you'll see there's lots of blood clients on it.

00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:23.000
And that's because those people are not known to be deceased, or 100, years. And one day, old, the websites differ. I haven't got time to go into that today, but I've just mentioned some update monthly or annually.

00:13:23.000 --> 00:13:30.000
And this is what the 39 register looks like. So similar to a census but not the same.

00:13:30.000 --> 00:13:48.000
And you've got these black lines that change so it's not static document, couple of the things that are really useful and infamous informative from this is when a lady marriage because it was used by the NHS as I said her name change will be recorded.

00:13:48.000 --> 00:14:02.000
Because she could be married previously as well. And we also get some indication of voluntary activities in the Second World War. So this is an auxiliary fire brigade person.

00:14:02.000 --> 00:14:07.000
Again, a signpost to something to follow up.

00:14:07.000 --> 00:14:22.000
And then our big and most rewarding document set is the census, where we get people together in a household. So I'm going to start at the other end at the beginning, where we get a very simple form.

00:14:22.000 --> 00:14:32.000
We have to analyze the records we're looking at you may spot with to john Dawson's will appear to live next door to each other but that's not true.

00:14:32.000 --> 00:14:44.000
And they're not dissimilar in ages. But we may be able to identify them by their occupations, or by family names because we have this thing called naming patterns.

00:14:44.000 --> 00:14:56.000
And every 10 years we have had the census as I've said, and its people in a household but not necessarily a house. It could be a ship, a barracks of prison school.

00:14:56.000 --> 00:15:09.000
We're always getting the relationship to the head. And we're looking for names ages were born, and other information to to get to fun providers with knowledge to work more.

00:15:09.000 --> 00:15:20.000
And we must check every single thing because people didn't tell the truth, and maybe didn't know, they weren't filling forms in left, right and center.

00:15:20.000 --> 00:15:23.000
So they genuinely might not know.

00:15:23.000 --> 00:15:42.000
This is what a census form looks like it's not the primary document. The primary ones were destroyed, but it's those people in the household in a place page after page copy to these forms, you're getting a household in this case so far.

00:15:42.000 --> 00:16:02.000
You get, we can see that it's one occupied property, and we get the relationships of people so grandson whereas his parents, their status that ages. The other side of the farm shows us that occupations, and what's it really important for going backwards,

00:16:02.000 --> 00:16:18.000
is where they were born, so that we can go back to find them as children as babies are your reason was, think about the context of records, why are they taking census is of course for civil provision.

00:16:18.000 --> 00:16:31.000
But in the 1911 census there was the suffragette movement, and some people as this one didn't actually fill the form in, they saying there's no persons here only women.

00:16:31.000 --> 00:16:51.000
The other thing about the 1911 census which is different is the anxiety about infant mortality. So they are taking a poll of the number of how long people have been married, the number of children that were born alive, still living and have died, and

00:16:51.000 --> 00:17:03.000
that enables you to pinpoint, all those children, they don't always find dias children, of course, they could dies and no adult before this.

00:17:03.000 --> 00:17:22.000
And the 1921 well what's all the fuss been about well, I couldn't wait to see my parents in it, and well only half because my mother chose to come in later in the year but she sort of their, in a way, and there was an industrial and arrest, there was

00:17:22.000 --> 00:17:37.000
the threat of strike the coal miners were on strike. And so they move the date as you can see on here, and you might recognize the names on this sentence census return that's been Beatrix Potter.

00:17:37.000 --> 00:17:48.000
So we get, and we have of course the effects of the First World War, and we've always had more me women than men but particularly in 1921.

00:17:48.000 --> 00:18:01.000
So what did he do for me well I enhance the childhood memory of going on holiday with my grandparents, and to Lincolnshire, and I couldn't remember them, what the hotel was.

00:18:01.000 --> 00:18:18.000
But in the 1911 sent 21 census based upon, we get the addresses we do in the others. I was then able to look it up in Google, as you can see here, we get this time the first time we get the companies that our ancestors are working for.

00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:25.000
We've got a lot more women working because they've been working in the First World War, they don't want to give it up.

00:18:25.000 --> 00:18:40.000
And I was thrilled to say, one of my working for Rotary's, the village trust this is the movement for better housing which is also underway in 1921.

00:18:40.000 --> 00:18:56.000
And of course for a lot of people, their pets are part of the family. And in this case we haven't got the name of the king, but some that people do, but we have It's Paul prunes indelibly recorded for the future.

00:18:56.000 --> 00:19:07.000
We also get the route the census, and then we can sort of chart the areas of done with this one round Hastings.

00:19:07.000 --> 00:19:17.000
And we're going to share with you in the members room, this website list, which is broken down into the three sections, and I'm not going to talk about it here.

00:19:17.000 --> 00:19:21.000
Let's get on with some results.

00:19:21.000 --> 00:19:24.000
So our final section of records.

00:19:24.000 --> 00:19:29.000
Main three, the records of the church.

00:19:29.000 --> 00:19:38.000
And for the first time, you may well not find them online. And you may be faced with reading them, the scale of Palio Griffey.

00:19:38.000 --> 00:19:56.000
Here is an example of a certain time period where we get no father's, no indication of parents, we still get some signatures which I'm very keen on, but this is a single entity, we have a baptism, we have a marriage, we have a burial.

00:19:56.000 --> 00:20:02.000
We do not have anything tying them together, other than our skills.

00:20:02.000 --> 00:20:21.000
They are the Church of England records them. And we have to remember that between 1754 and 1837 missing lots of key dates in my history, and everybody is marrying the Church of England, apart from Quakers, and Jews.

00:20:21.000 --> 00:20:33.000
So if you have a Catholic ancestry, and Methodist Moravia Sweden bulk. They are not married, in the Church of England, they have no choice to have a legal marriage.

00:20:33.000 --> 00:20:49.000
These records will not be in the church, other than the current book, they will be in what we call a diocesan record office and protective care, but a lot of them are coming online, more

00:20:49.000 --> 00:21:04.000
and talked about mentioned, geography, and this is a bit dire. We grumble about transcriptions, but look at that. Imagine trying to read that forward with the commercial companies matching try to read it for your family names.

00:21:04.000 --> 00:21:14.000
Nobody thought these records were going to be worth millions of pounds quite literally, and they weren't all kept, they weren't all cat very well.

00:21:14.000 --> 00:21:28.000
And sometimes you do find extra information, even though it might be a bit tricky to read. So we various versions. And this one does give you causes of death which you don't always see.

00:21:28.000 --> 00:21:42.000
So we have a couple of ladies dying of consumption, which of course was prolific, and my ancestor who was a London retry proprietor. Unfortunately was an alcoholic.

00:21:42.000 --> 00:22:01.000
Now another source that is very important for us, year after year is electoral registered we've already referred to the suffragette movement. But if you watch gentlemen jack and next week's talk will enhance this topic.

00:22:01.000 --> 00:22:25.000
In 19 8032, the last specific specified males only an unlisted was not too pleased about that, and it stays that way until 1928, when we get universal suffrage for men and women over 21, and I've just shown you an example here, where you can pick up a

00:22:25.000 --> 00:22:47.000
couple because they are there in 1928, and then you can work out backwards and forwards maps are another super source. And we have a wonderful facility provided by the National Library of Scotland, all free Ordnance Survey maps for the whole country.

00:22:47.000 --> 00:22:58.000
There are some international maps on there too, but we have what we call the geo referenced ones where you can slide and time travel by this little bar at the bottom.

00:22:58.000 --> 00:23:06.000
So I've taken you to Norfolk here. Look at the church. If we then Google or other maps are available.

00:23:06.000 --> 00:23:19.000
There is the church at the bottom, and we can place our ancestors on the ground, might be a car park, it may still be a house that stands.

00:23:19.000 --> 00:23:21.000
We've other sources to.

00:23:21.000 --> 00:23:41.000
So top left is deeds property records, bottom, left is newspapers, with gravestones obviously very useful if you get a family together. The lady in the middle we can data by the actual composition of the material of the photograph but also her costume.

00:23:41.000 --> 00:23:54.000
And the one to the right is a will. Once a will go through probate, it becomes a public document, and is invaluable for family history research.

00:23:54.000 --> 00:24:07.000
We have digital newspapers in the is often add color as this one where to speak and personally would baptize married a burial buried a lot of my family in Yorkshire.

00:24:07.000 --> 00:24:26.000
He also liked the typical, he tended to drink the community of wine. And then he fell asleep in its own service, and he eventually was taken to the church courts and lost his living, very interesting to read about military records of course we have a

00:24:26.000 --> 00:24:44.000
lot on the first 1212, they are public documents. Second World War is beginning to become available, there's a lot happening on that front. At the moment, so we've war memorials diaries and specific church ones in the middle, middle cards and pictures

00:24:44.000 --> 00:24:48.000
just illustrated here,

00:24:48.000 --> 00:24:55.000
and things that we can do office at archives and what I'm just going to show you there is the results of some of these searches.

00:24:55.000 --> 00:25:08.000
This is the National Archives at CUNY the gardens, which is full of treasures, one for our family. Some is digitized, but not all by any means.

00:25:08.000 --> 00:25:21.000
And this we do more and more research, it's harder to find people, it's really easy I'll be well when you start, but those peaks of success and excitement, increase.

00:25:21.000 --> 00:25:40.000
So, these two little bits of paper behind here, prove that my great grandfather went to school in that iconic building there so Paul lad from Portsmouth went to school at Greenwich a bit like a workout in many respects.

00:25:40.000 --> 00:25:58.000
The thing that was most useful was his father had to prove his Royal Navy career, every ship he was on, and the day to join the date he left that he was pensioned out in 1830 which will be unusual for anybody to have a pension.

00:25:58.000 --> 00:26:04.000
And then I could track work through log books, crew less and find the ship.

00:26:04.000 --> 00:26:09.000
So he was on the ship on the left cruising the Caribbean.

00:26:09.000 --> 00:26:21.000
In 1810, I am 2014 cruise the British Isles, not ship, so it was all in my jeans, very exciting.

00:26:21.000 --> 00:26:39.000
Perhaps your family were agricultural one so it's great depression in agriculture, not so bad in the north of England where I am because it was great competition for employment, but maybe around sisters emigrated move to the coal mines in the north, or

00:26:39.000 --> 00:26:45.000
perhaps went into service. And this is my husband's great grandfather.

00:26:45.000 --> 00:27:00.000
He was in service, he's the bass player in the middle there very posh very rich house so look at the livery on those footman, and he will eventually pinnacle of his career was to be a butler in America.

00:27:00.000 --> 00:27:12.000
In this mansion you see here, which was a wedding present for the owners rather posh nothing whatsoever survives of it today.

00:27:12.000 --> 00:27:32.000
And what's the biggest collection of paper and ephemera in the world. Well, e Bay, and it cost me bits about over the years, a nice pair of distressed chairs I think would be fair to say they were in Portsmouth and that but they were made my my family.

00:27:32.000 --> 00:27:52.000
They still in Portsmouth I think the nice received the bottom left so that signed by one of my ancestors again made its way online, and I was able to buy that back for not very much tall and nice postcard sent to one of family member, made census.

00:27:52.000 --> 00:28:07.000
So, again, interesting. It was a household of director, and something pops a little more interesting was this case, watch that one of my family firms had made that turned up on eBay.

00:28:07.000 --> 00:28:11.000
Again, I've got all sorts from eBay.

00:28:11.000 --> 00:28:20.000
We have the opportunity to travel a picture on the left is actually of the settle Carlisle railway.

00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:30.000
you'll know about interface and all that sort of thing. And but I was interested specifically because my family lived in a village underneath the ripple had fired up.

00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:41.000
And I wonder, do they think this is going to be an iconic industrial relic for the future, or do they think, Well, I saw that building in this beautiful countryside.

00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:58.000
We were actually going up to call our record office which you can see at the bottom left, where they've built a full all singing all dancing archive that's the modern building, but they've built it in the grounds of an old Hall, which was renovated and

00:28:58.000 --> 00:29:01.000
now is where you can get married.

00:29:01.000 --> 00:29:19.000
I've mentioned Polly or Griffey earlier. And this looks perhaps like a spider's been across it, but it is a will, and it's a will have a lady who might be my ancestor, and to have him 1593 she's uncomfortable lady.

00:29:19.000 --> 00:29:34.000
She is either a spinster, or a widow, because otherwise she doesn't have anything to leave. When you think about the married women's property act anything was that was hers, as a married lady is her husband's till we get to see in this locality, what

00:29:34.000 --> 00:29:54.000
So we get to see in this locality, what a lady of sorts of social strata has in her possessions, and she's leaving them all to her daughters who are named in this there are 11, family members, listed tying them together in 1592.

00:29:54.000 --> 00:29:59.000
And I'm don't expect. I know some of you will be able to read it.

00:29:59.000 --> 00:30:10.000
And, but one of the things she is leaving here is a candlestick, which is the second word candles.

00:30:10.000 --> 00:30:24.000
And what it's made of is pewter, and she goes through talking about cloth and other family, and other household items that she's leaving.

00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:37.000
And this is going much further back and I talked about how the media catapults interested in about new archaeology anything like that. This is Elizabeth Woodville.

00:30:37.000 --> 00:30:51.000
The White Queen, and she is there saying, I Queen Elizabeth late wife to be excellent Prince Edward, the 5678, I think

00:30:51.000 --> 00:31:06.000
technology plays a big part in family history, which is good it's motivation to learn these skills, and you can still go to libraries, you don't have to buy these things that you can do it economically.

00:31:06.000 --> 00:31:25.000
This is the national newspaper building which happens to be in Yorkshire, where all the Beano down the down your way magazines as well as the times and any English news, speaking newspaper is kept in atmospheric conditions here with the cranes that move

00:31:25.000 --> 00:31:37.000
at 35 miles an hour and I've kept in 19% oxygen in the dark. And this lady is scanning for the 1921 census.

00:31:37.000 --> 00:31:54.000
Now DNA is something I'm sure if you've done any family history with turn your TV on ancestry particularly will be advertising DNA. Now that's not a thing for me I don't, not very keen on it, but I have done my DNA mail letter prove I was my mother's

00:31:54.000 --> 00:32:06.000
child which I most definitely. Um, but you can see if you watch the long lost families born without trace the meaningful work in DNA, Richard the third there.

00:32:06.000 --> 00:32:19.000
And it may be something but I would just say, bear in mind, it can be exciting, but it can also open up a can of worms.

00:32:19.000 --> 00:32:41.000
So newspapers, and maybe you can use this to illustrate, and put flesh on the bones, as we call it. So here you have a Yorkshire railway station. down at the bottom you have the exact right images of the train that railway historian provided for me that

00:32:41.000 --> 00:32:52.000
my ancestors went on their honeymoon. As you can see the 18th of February 1880 so just in a few days days or two that we're getting ready for the marriage just now.

00:32:52.000 --> 00:32:58.000
They wouldn't have gone down there and six, they've got all this railway which would have been pretty salty.

00:32:58.000 --> 00:33:10.000
The Underground has opened but I don't think they'd have gone there in their meal. They really nice clothes. And I know this information from the digital from the local newspapers.

00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:19.000
But of course, a lot on now. Did you saw, and we can do it from the comfort of our own home.

00:33:19.000 --> 00:33:37.000
Just to remind you to be careful with your possessions to think about conservation. So here are my children's christening outfits wrapped up in acid free paper and labeled accordingly, because they have done the archaeology bit with the ruler was my son,

00:33:37.000 --> 00:33:41.000
it was now 35 ever that tiny.

00:33:41.000 --> 00:34:03.000
You can see there we don't want bugs, eating it loss and things like that, textiles I'm illustrating but also we've got paper and other ephemera, and this is a Valentine, that has survived from 1836, and it says affectionately your lover, 1234, and he

00:34:03.000 --> 00:34:09.000
did get his lady bug is kept father preserved for the future.

00:34:09.000 --> 00:34:27.000
So why do we do it well it's tremendous fun, it's tremendously frustrating. We have the thrill of the chase the sense of satisfaction where we find it and we nailed the person I will find the next step to build a tree.

00:34:27.000 --> 00:34:39.000
And we're also putting our families in historical context they may not be rich and famous, they may be just the salt of the earth. They all have their place.

00:34:39.000 --> 00:34:49.000
And in many ways, that's what the WA stands for isn't it, you're all members you know this builds your confidence keeps your brain active which is very important.

00:34:49.000 --> 00:35:02.000
We can share it be part of the community can have said the sense of achievement and practical skills look as old zoom link to a half years ago we know about such things.

00:35:02.000 --> 00:35:13.000
And the skills we need. Well, we need to be that detective, we need to think where do we go now what what proof of we got put yourself in the witness stand.

00:35:13.000 --> 00:35:16.000
Is this true is false with their blight.

00:35:16.000 --> 00:35:31.000
And if a lady's in a delicate position, what would she have done, be that creative writer and try and think, what would have happened to how did she get out of this situation, or whatever.

00:35:31.000 --> 00:35:49.000
I keep building that tree, going from yourself backwards, working through all the different records and adding more people in maybe keeping your main line going, but sometimes you need to go around to round the stumbling block some people call it a brick

00:35:49.000 --> 00:35:55.000
wall, but you've got to be nearly always a way to work.

00:35:55.000 --> 00:36:13.000
And that really in a nutshell, is what family history is all about a lot more to it than I have time for. If you'd like to do some family history courses, please look at the web website and Tobago so you need to be creative to work it but it's out there.

00:36:13.000 --> 00:36:27.000
And if not, if you'd like to know more about what I'm doing. You can look at my website which was created during a wa course for creating websites. So thank you very much for listening.

00:36:27.000 --> 00:36:37.000
Thank you to the Wi Fi for this, which unity to share and sing about all that. All that they do. Thank you very much.

00:36:37.000 --> 00:36:47.000
Thanks very much Jackie. That was really quite fascinating I hope everybody enjoyed that and a great insight, I think into how it all works and the different sources that we can look to.

00:36:47.000 --> 00:37:02.000
And if we want to trace it on family history. So we've got some questions Jackie so folks keep them coming in, and we'll we'll get through as many of them as we can start from the top.

00:37:02.000 --> 00:37:08.000
No, I guess this is a really fundamental question, and this is a question from loading.

00:37:08.000 --> 00:37:21.000
Are there any sites where you don't have to pay to access records. Absolutely. Certainly, again we will give you the website list in the members room afterwards but they're not everything has to be paid for, but certain things have because to bring it

00:37:21.000 --> 00:37:33.000
They're not everything has to be paid for, but certain things have because to bring it to the public is very expensive. The 1921 Well of course millions it's a multi million pound project.

00:37:33.000 --> 00:37:51.000
So, the birth marriage is death. We've got something called Phoebe MD we've got a website called GQK mentioned briefly you could go to like your local library, and you and use ancestry some libraries have found out past family search all is free.

00:37:51.000 --> 00:37:53.000
So the answer is yes.

00:37:53.000 --> 00:38:10.000
Yeah, okay. And we'll post all these sources up beside the recording of the lecture. And once we've got everything together and ready. And so thanks for that M, Jackie, and no few questions around the 1921 senses so one from Colin, and which countries

00:38:10.000 --> 00:38:26.000
of the British Isles that actually covered by the census is all of them or some of them, or 1921 the only one that's out at the moment is England and Wales, Scotland will be out probably June, when was the last we've said that Scotland's people everything

00:38:26.000 --> 00:38:42.000
of course Scotland has its own laws and etc so that made year, we anticipate that because of the troubles in Ireland that 1921 census wasn't taken the 1926 centers which was appears to have got me sick.

00:38:42.000 --> 00:38:57.000
So we're going to have a gap with Ireland which you already have if you're doing any Irish research so it's a problem that most countries around the world will have some system of keeping tabs of the increase and decrease of that population.

00:38:57.000 --> 00:38:58.000
Okay, interesting.

00:38:58.000 --> 00:39:10.000
And I'm still on the census. Who was it that actually showed us some images of the census forums. who is it that actually filled those in.

00:39:10.000 --> 00:39:14.000
Initially, in the early stages, it was the Paula.

00:39:14.000 --> 00:39:29.000
Paula officials. But, and church wardens, but then you get us as modern times, people who are whose job it is to deliver Forbes collect them a copy out the information.

00:39:29.000 --> 00:39:37.000
And, and then it goes to the government for statistics and eventually after 100 years, make public.

00:39:37.000 --> 00:39:40.000
Okay.

00:39:40.000 --> 00:39:56.000
And the question, and there's been a little bit of chat going on about again about the 1921 census. Is it only available on find my past, or is some of that information is available on in in other places, just for the moment it's only on fine bypassed

00:39:56.000 --> 00:40:05.000
by the National Archives on the record, and they have been paid to digitize it under license.

00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:16.000
So they have to recoup their funds. So, if certainly for the rest of this year, it will be on fire my past earlier can see some of these asking will it be on ancestry.

00:40:16.000 --> 00:40:25.000
The answer is yes, but they were nice the question. So they will also have to pay for it, it's under license it's all copyright.

00:40:25.000 --> 00:40:36.000
You know, it took them three years to conserve the documents taking the books out staples out, and then digitize it and transcribe it if you've done it yourself.

00:40:36.000 --> 00:40:40.000
Think how hard it is to read a page.

00:40:40.000 --> 00:40:55.000
So, yes, eventually to ancestry, but the minute you take it or leave it. Basically, okay, and a question from Eunice This is an interesting one. I don't know whether you'll know the answer to this or not but I'm going to ask anyway.

00:40:55.000 --> 00:41:02.000
And how expensive are professional researchers and what qualifications, would you look out for.

00:41:02.000 --> 00:41:22.000
So, that they roughly charging about 25 pounds an hour, you would get a quote. First, they ought to give you half an hour's free to assess your case. And then you will get a quote and an estimate sign an agreement for both your benefits.

00:41:22.000 --> 00:41:33.000
Yes. Some people there are qualified genealogists there's a, there's an organization called Agra Agra.

00:41:33.000 --> 00:41:37.000
And there's also the register of qualified genealogists.

00:41:37.000 --> 00:41:44.000
So they have to. You can do a degree in genealogy now.

00:41:44.000 --> 00:41:57.000
There are qualified or just help helpful people, and you would pay accordingly. But if you get a quote, get a contract, you know they'll say what we'll do so much, and then you will tell you if we need some more money.

00:41:57.000 --> 00:42:01.000
Right. Okay, interesting, hope that helps you units.

00:42:01.000 --> 00:42:04.000
Okay, let's see what else we've got.

00:42:04.000 --> 00:42:18.000
And how do you get information from parish registers have physically, would you do that you have to physically go to the church or other other ways of accessing that information.

00:42:18.000 --> 00:42:32.000
The other than the book in us at the present time in the church, they will should have been deposited with what we call the diocesan record office to be kept on the atmospheric conditions so they are preserved.

00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:38.000
And if somebody comes to steal the safe in the church they don't get thrown away.

00:42:38.000 --> 00:42:49.000
And so, if they are not digitized again a lot, or transcripts are online on many sites and independent sites to.

00:42:49.000 --> 00:42:56.000
Then you go to the record office in the nearest the nearest record office to that church.

00:42:56.000 --> 00:42:58.000
They've got websites they've got online guy.

00:42:58.000 --> 00:43:06.000
Have a look ring them up and have a word, and then make an appointment and go if necessary.

00:43:06.000 --> 00:43:14.000
As soon as we get to parish registers the websites differ. And it's not all online.

00:43:14.000 --> 00:43:15.000
Okay.

00:43:15.000 --> 00:43:18.000
Um, right.

00:43:18.000 --> 00:43:25.000
A lot of things. Some of the websites are free to us find our personnel tissue in the archives as well.

00:43:25.000 --> 00:43:36.000
Okay.

00:43:36.000 --> 00:43:51.000
What software do you use to do that is a particular software. Yes, my software is something called family historian, it's a standalone pay a one off fee sits on my computer and I add bits to it all the time.

00:43:51.000 --> 00:43:53.000
So, that answers your question. good.

00:43:53.000 --> 00:44:14.000
And another questions practical question again. And do you need a person's up to date of death to get a death certificate, know the massive indexes we have our quarters, so you would need an approximate and these indexes are available freely.

00:44:14.000 --> 00:44:24.000
So you would go through you use your skills to narrow it down and you look at the indexes and then you order that you can sometimes order the wrong one.

00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:35.000
So you may look for a birth announcement in the news, or a death announcement in the newspaper. But no, you don't need the accurate you need an approximation.

00:44:35.000 --> 00:44:36.000
Okay.

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:53.000
Right, Let's see what else do we have for you.

00:44:53.000 --> 00:44:57.000
interesting quicker. Here's one.

00:44:57.000 --> 00:45:02.000
What's the favorite record, you've studied and some of the research that you've been done.

00:45:02.000 --> 00:45:10.000
I did on from me. What is the most interesting fact that you've ever been able to find out about somebody.

00:45:10.000 --> 00:45:28.000
Well it was the fact that they those poor children were educated, that Greenwich Mean to know that they were in those wonderful wonderful buildings yes they were Paul st very similar to the workhouse but I wanted to prove that.

00:45:28.000 --> 00:45:44.000
And that was magic seeing that piece of paper, holding it knowing that your ancestors have touched it written on it and yet that was the most exciting, and most informative that was the biggest high

00:45:44.000 --> 00:45:54.000
wealth and things. Yeah, yeah so anywhere you can go to find out about the ancestors from the Commonwealth, say for example sofa, because that's Philip that's asking that.

00:45:54.000 --> 00:46:05.000
Yes. And so, Commonwealth and there's a lot of records on fine my past it's much more a Commonwealth record was a lot of Commonwealth countries Canada, etc.

00:46:05.000 --> 00:46:21.000
And by Mark past as ancestry is much more American, so you need to just do a bit of research, and South Africa well they've just had a little bit of an echo because they've had a fire in their archives, and they've now found out that government records

00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:37.000
were digitized accurate play. So they've now got to be calling their government records. So, again, church of Latter Day Saints is very good, use their website, have a look at that what they call our wiki, put in South Africa, put it into Google How do

00:46:37.000 --> 00:46:46.000
I research family history in South Africa. You, there'll be somebody that's asked the question, somewhere.

00:46:46.000 --> 00:46:48.000
Interesting. Thank you.

00:46:48.000 --> 00:46:53.000
Just remove that. I think somebody was sharing the screen by mistake there.

00:46:53.000 --> 00:47:03.000
And okay we've got some more questions for you. And let's have a look, this is from me, and she just asked him for a little bit of clarification on something that I think you've covered earlier.

00:47:03.000 --> 00:47:17.000
Can you clarify how you trace marriage records, when the ancestors were a nonconformist nonconformist or Roman Catholics, right depends on your dates between 1754 and 1837.

00:47:17.000 --> 00:47:33.000
They will be marrying in the Anglican Church, because that's the legal place, and the only place. Other times, if the church has had its building authorized, you know like, hotels and that sort of thing.

00:47:33.000 --> 00:47:46.000
Today, then they'll be able to marry and nonconformists churches will also could eventually have one of their congregation approved to be a registrar.

00:47:46.000 --> 00:47:54.000
So, Church of England something 54 1837 their own otherwise.

00:47:54.000 --> 00:47:55.000
Okay.

00:47:55.000 --> 00:47:58.000
And this is a question from Maria.

00:47:58.000 --> 00:48:13.000
She said, many years ago I tried to find my family via the church of Latter Day Saints records, but they did not include Roman Catholics, and my family details from a 200 year old Bible other records are they are records know complete.

00:48:13.000 --> 00:48:16.000
No, no records are complete.

00:48:16.000 --> 00:48:34.000
Roman Catholics I didn't win the call was made by the National Archives to deposit records with them, a lot of the Catholic bishops, and suggested that their churches should decline that to find my past has a growing collection of Roman Catholic records

00:48:34.000 --> 00:48:48.000
that you may need to go to the church to the priest. At the end of the day the incumbents or own, the parish records or whatever so it's all being released with that missions.

00:48:48.000 --> 00:48:49.000
Okay.

00:48:49.000 --> 00:49:04.000
And question from mo Garnham, and is the general record office happy to take orders for certificates for family history purposes. No, they were asking people not to place non urgent orders for a long time due to the pandemic so has been.

00:49:04.000 --> 00:49:20.000
They are. Yeah, you might just have to wait a long bit longer, but yes, place your orders would just emphasize I can't go into so much detail today but if you're ordering a marriage certificate please get it from the local registrar, not the Gro.

00:49:20.000 --> 00:49:31.000
It does make a difference if you want handwriting and signatures for checking the grr are secondary copies for marriages for births and deaths, it doesn't matter so much.

00:49:31.000 --> 00:49:33.000
Okay, thank you.

00:49:33.000 --> 00:49:54.000
And okay we've got another two or three questions, I think. Let's roll through them so we've got plenty of time, and Patricia is asking, Is it possible to correct mistaken information, placed on your family tree by persons unknown hasn't panels where

00:49:54.000 --> 00:49:59.000
the tree is so if it's family search is world street by know.

00:49:59.000 --> 00:50:11.000
That's the plus or minus of the World Tree on family sir, anybody can alter anybody's tree. Even the church members themselves, if it's on ancestry which I suspect you might mean.

00:50:11.000 --> 00:50:26.000
And then you can write to them nicely and ask them query their evidence How did they know that your grandfather's grandfather, and but you will often find they will totally know you.

00:50:26.000 --> 00:50:27.000
They may try.

00:50:27.000 --> 00:50:29.000
Okay.

00:50:29.000 --> 00:50:49.000
Okay. Question about military records from Deanna do military records, only contain professional soldiers, or does they also include volunteers and construction scripts to the First World War, anybody that says, however they got in there, and will be

00:50:49.000 --> 00:51:00.000
in them. So not all first world war record service records survive because some again were lost in Bombay, this time in the Blitz so the warehouse was bombed.

00:51:00.000 --> 00:51:21.000
They got so about 40% survive. One of the things that are very good for military records are medals. Because nearly everybody that went abroad got a medal nurses postman, all that sort of thing that can often start the ball rolling, if that answers.

00:51:21.000 --> 00:51:44.000
Okay. And another question here. The question is not in Philly so I'm going to try and sort of make a little bit, I guess the question.

00:51:44.000 --> 00:51:35.000
Well obviously there's a lot of work again I google Lyft, and I would also look at the National Archives, they have a lot of research guides. Yes of course there's a lot of work got gone on to that it's very topical.

00:51:35.000 --> 00:51:57.000
Oh yeah, yeah, you might be able to, to find out about people that fall into that category I don't know if there's anything you can see around that.

00:51:57.000 --> 00:52:06.000
And the short answer is yes but you'll have to do a little bit of research, read upon a contact the archives, etc.

00:52:06.000 --> 00:52:22.000
Yeah, okay. So, um, the questions keep coming in this is great, and a question from Elizabeth, and I would you go about finding people, if they change their name by digital, what would be a good guess at what was the London because that tree online goes

00:52:22.000 --> 00:52:39.000
back to 1665. And it legally, it will be in the Gazette, or if they anglicised say a German name or something like that. Totally free very visible, it has to be you saying that you're going to be known by something else.

00:52:39.000 --> 00:52:53.000
We don't be just be England without cover. No, no, it's a bug because it wait now in cloud include to, I want you to say the London with the was the Belfast because at the Edinburgh because that now it's just one.

00:52:53.000 --> 00:52:55.000
Right. Interesting, okay.

00:52:55.000 --> 00:53:14.000
I'm okay record some India, interesting, where they returned to India hosts after independence, I don't know the answer to that, but a lot of riches you there's a huge website which is absolutely excellent called families in British India for this, but

00:53:14.000 --> 00:53:17.000
are there, lots of the records with the British Library.

00:53:17.000 --> 00:53:28.000
And a lot of that has been digitized and what you'll find that on find my past so look for Phyllis fob is that site is absolutely brilliant.

00:53:28.000 --> 00:53:32.000
That will, that's your starting point. Well I hope that's helpful to you in it.

00:53:32.000 --> 00:53:43.000
And Chris is asking, Are there any records for women that worked alongside alongside the land, land army girls doubtful again go to the locality.

00:53:43.000 --> 00:54:00.000
Find somebody that there are you know first world war websites. There are experts or forums that specialize in knowing all this sort of thing. So, anything that's got a big industry lots and lots of people not everything was cat, some things were weeded

00:54:00.000 --> 00:54:07.000
out. And so you might, and I'd start with the locality, where they were.

00:54:07.000 --> 00:54:17.000
Okay, I hope that helps you close and question from Sylvia, how might you find a suffragettes family, friends, no one deceased told us that our great grandma was a suffragette.

00:54:17.000 --> 00:54:35.000
It's interesting. Again not often Google it, because people have made studies of these things, there is a book by Jill lady, who is a lady, very keen on women's history done a lot with our listeners stuff.

00:54:35.000 --> 00:54:48.000
And she has listed all known suffragettes because although they said I'm not going to be counted hidden cupboards in the Houses of Parliament. They weren't trying to break the law that we're trying to change it.

00:54:48.000 --> 00:55:02.000
So it may be that you pick them up in newspapers and things like that. So, possible you'll find out for sure. Okay, now we've had a couple of our participants that are asking about records of adoption so Carol and Gordon.

00:55:02.000 --> 00:55:20.000
And how would you go about finding finding those records where would you go to, and not not like you see on them long lost families, you'll need a third party potentially but before 1927 there is no such thing as legal adoption, it will just be families

00:55:20.000 --> 00:55:22.000
being taken then.

00:55:22.000 --> 00:55:44.000
So, you can google it look at the National Archives Research Guides. No no public records of adoption. They, you have to birth certificates one that's the birth names, one that's the adoptive names, the adoptive met names, will the original say adopted,

00:55:44.000 --> 00:55:54.000
but no cross referencing, so you will need some pipe to get in touch with somebody that does that. Yeah, okay. I hope that helps both of you out there.

00:55:54.000 --> 00:55:59.000
And, okay. A question from, maybe.

00:55:59.000 --> 00:56:11.000
How would you find a man who doesn't appear anywhere in the 1921 sensor so I'm assuming this is somebody that you know was around at that time. So,

00:56:11.000 --> 00:56:27.000
the 1920 was very interesting because it was taken in June, a lot of people are on holiday, like I mentioned, so they're not where you think, and it's also a very mobile population at that time so people were in the air, they were on cruise ships, so

00:56:27.000 --> 00:56:31.000
that not everybody will be in that document.

00:56:31.000 --> 00:56:35.000
Some people chose to hide their we've got a lot of trouble with the Irish.

00:56:35.000 --> 00:56:39.000
This Krista protesting that they shouldn't.

00:56:39.000 --> 00:56:57.000
Fill the forms in it's the British government don't feel your farming to carry Liverpool's places like that, so hang on. And also, they were very strict to be listened to any of the roadshow talks about very very strict controls, under the way the 1921

00:56:57.000 --> 00:57:27.000
with digitized and indexed. So for the next three months there are weekly alterations to the data that's out on by my past, So I'd hang on, but also be creative, because one of my students, for example, found his grandmother who was actually married,

00:00:09.000 --> 00:00:33.000
Well, good evening everybody, and welcome to this anniversary talk on Chinese communism from 1922 through to the President, there's little doubt, I would suggest that China is one of the major nations on the globe, and whose history and future has determined

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and will determine matter what happens, internationally.

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So there's no doubt that China is a critical pivotal part of international relations.

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And to put it in perspective.

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If I can put up one or two slides to show the background before we launch in, as it were, into 1922.

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If I can share this with you.

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You should be able to see the heading.

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There we go. So, that's our theme.

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That is that is me.

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If we could just for a moment or two because the geography of China is so significant in its history. That is a truism Of course of any nation is geography helps shape it as a country, as a nation, but in a particular sense, China needs attention geographically.

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It shares size.

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It's the size of the United States, you could argue a little bit less with a bit more, depending on how you measure the land mass is a huge continent really not million nation, and from its earliest day, the great problem for the Chinese authority, the

00:01:49.000 --> 00:02:08.000
Chinese Emperor. And then, the imperial system goes back some 3000 years, the great problem was how do you control the country. So luggage. With such a limited resources in the pre mechanized Age Of course, extremely difficult to move around China, and

00:02:08.000 --> 00:02:14.000
with its mountains and rivers and its marshes, very difficult.

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Purely in terms of navigating the territory plan you left alone those new air. So that's always been a problem.

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And I think the reason why that's so important is that when we come to look, the Chinese structure from 1922 on one of the key things is authority. How does the authority of the day, impose itself.

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But I walked reference. Does it maintain its authority.

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Does it maintain its authority. And I'd suggest that that's a key factor in all aspects of Chinese history, the attempt of the authorities whether communist authorities under Mao of the present system or going back to the Imperial era of the Emperor's,

00:02:54.000 --> 00:03:11.000
how do those authorities impose themselves. And in the sense that dictates the nature of politics. And we'll see that I think as we go through. And I thought, just a word on China in relation to it surrounding it has not sure of course to the north, the

00:03:11.000 --> 00:03:19.000
greatest rival neighbor. Going back many centuries, and to the west.

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I think areas, usually ending in the word stuff hasn't done, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, and as you well know, the word Stan attached to the national title refers to it, Muslim identity.

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So the states to the west of China are strongly, Muslim, in terms of population. and in terms of attitude.

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And that's created problems for modern China which we can touch on as we go through.

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If we go to the north, we have Russia disputed Eric Mongolia, we go to the east, we have the seas, and we have the greatest rival rival of neighbor Japan.

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And then of course Southeast Asia.

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And then this, this large area of see across the Pacific, to what becomes the United States. And so, China normally felt that it was required to look inward rather than outward.

00:04:18.000 --> 00:04:31.000
That does change over time, but I think it's an inward looking society. I think one could claim that for, it's three millennia, that existed in form, we think of it.

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Just to retro appetite here is the flag of the People's Republic today, the People's Republic of China.

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Character just to mention before we go on.

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Kai Shek.

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the great rival about to Tom, and the first create one could say, of modern China.

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One's political views I think most would agree that Chiang Kai Shek is a vital figure in the whole China story, even though in most texts now, you read Chinese texts, you get a very low rating, often very little upset about it.

00:05:10.000 --> 00:05:19.000
But trying to be detached from the political argument, one would say he is a former to figure. And I see that I hope, as we go through.

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And we have this great rival.

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And the great founder of modern communism, about to come, an idealized or stylized picture.

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It can I offer here, what I would call our defining factors that help us understand, China and white became communist in the way that it did and why it continues in that vein.

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The first one I've mentioned, is not Confucius sometimes is confused with a religious thinker.

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He wasn't religious in the sense that we'd understand. He didn't believe in god or gods. He didn't deny the existence.

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He said, they are so ineffable so detached from humanity. We can't know them. So why waste our time considering what we must do instead is great, philosophical viewpoint.

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we must look at the world as it is.

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We must essentially be realists look at the world as you do.

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Because if we don't, we will misunderstand nature, and we will misunderstand our place in the natural order of things.

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So Confucianism, a vital factor in creating a mindset of of Chinese thought, which I would argue goes right through to today.

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Officially, Confucianism was banned rejected

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regulated out of existence communist tried.

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They nonetheless recognize that it was an underlining separate theories that could not be ignored.

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And what happens in practice is that modern Chinese communist build Confucianism into their system, but I think we can touch on that it goes through a second key factor as China's view of itself, historically, as the center of the earth.

00:07:08.000 --> 00:07:24.000
If you know your Mandarin, you know, that is ignore the Chinese China means the center of the Middle Kingdom sometimes. In other words, we Chinese are the center of the world, and everyone else radio radiate out from us.

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We are set to sun and all other nations there like satellites, around.

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There's a deep sense in Chinese history of a self centeredness and off supremacy.

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We are supreme culture, and all other cultures are inferior to us, which is why we don't need to deal with them.

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This is one of the fascinating aspects of nearly 2000 years of Chinese history. We don't need relations with foreigners.

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Now of course they did in terms of trade and exchange and vital goods.

00:08:03.000 --> 00:08:19.000
But there was put it in the sense that these goods coming into China with tribute from the inferior peoples to the superior ones, the Chinese. And I stress that because it goes deep into Chinese thought and help to shape Chinese communist.

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Why does China have a long running ideological battle with the Soviet Union, because it's over the ideology of Marxism coming.

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Right.

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And the Russians.

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The Russians the bug fix the Soviet target problem.

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And of course there's attack, because the Soviet Union claimed during the first have had the great Marxist revolution, therefore had priority and interpretation of what revolution actually meant.

00:08:48.000 --> 00:08:54.000
And that's a long running dispute that goes down into site no Russian relations today.

00:08:54.000 --> 00:09:07.000
Although Russia, of course, is no longer communist formerly the legacy of that sino Soviet rivalry still has an impact on the current relations between the two countries.

00:09:07.000 --> 00:09:13.000
A third key factor in the 19th century.

00:09:13.000 --> 00:09:32.000
China fell under the sway of what they called the foreign foreign nations, led by the United Kingdom by Britain and the main soon joined by France in Germany later, Portugal, you could name various European countries to impose themselves on China.

00:09:32.000 --> 00:09:38.000
In the 19th century, beginning, you can date at 34 sites to 1839.

00:09:38.000 --> 00:09:54.000
When Britain launched the first Super Opium Wars, which applies the Chinese to take in large, open, or else be bombarded else have their thoughts and their body by English warships, which will be happening.

00:09:54.000 --> 00:10:10.000
Now this was deeply humiliating imagine the reaction, you are thinking of yourself as a supreme culture, and you're suddenly brought face to face with the reality that you're not sure, at least, logically, and really truly that you can't you can't match

00:10:10.000 --> 00:10:11.000
the West.

00:10:11.000 --> 00:10:13.000
In firepower.

00:10:13.000 --> 00:10:19.000
And that went very deep to Chinese sense of humiliation.

00:10:19.000 --> 00:10:24.000
And the resolve came, we must end this humiliation. But how do we do it.

00:10:24.000 --> 00:10:38.000
The only way to do it ironic is by copying the West in its best aspects commercially and economically and militarily, and that is what begins to happen, but you can, you can send the tension in China with no to believe that are the way forward.

00:10:38.000 --> 00:10:43.000
And those are clung to the path to take note. We have nothing to do with the outside world.

00:10:43.000 --> 00:10:48.000
Well the reality was the outside world had impose itself on China.

00:10:48.000 --> 00:10:51.000
In the 19th into the 20th century.

00:10:51.000 --> 00:11:09.000
Coming to a false critical factor I'd offer in 1919. And again, we could say, we take this precisely the fourth of May, so called. It was on that day that the Chinese were informed that the best Treaty Negotiations in Paris, which settled.

00:11:09.000 --> 00:11:14.000
The First World War, the geographical settlement after the war.

00:11:14.000 --> 00:11:28.000
The Chinese were told, you have no place in these negotiations. You're not invited into the not invited in, and you will simply have to accept the conclusions and recommendations and settlements that we arrived at.

00:11:28.000 --> 00:11:45.000
And the big humiliation one that went deepest was the German territories that obviously being lost by Germany, as a result of its defeated war, and the Chinese as they had been promised by the expected to get them back to make your profits.

00:11:45.000 --> 00:11:53.000
It must come back to us as Chinese, but the Allies at their side, said no, it goes to Japan.

00:11:53.000 --> 00:11:55.000
Japan the old enemy.

00:11:55.000 --> 00:12:12.000
That really hurt. And so there. There's an outbreak, led by the students in Beijing. Fourth of may 1990 when they came out in, in protest against this deep humiliation and the dramatic story they got that you can read in Chinese textbooks now is that

00:12:12.000 --> 00:12:28.000
one student was painting on a plaque on denouncing Western devil foreign devils, and he ran out of pate. So you bet his arm, the wrist stripped the skin back to the elbow, the blood flow dipped his brush in the flowing blood and finished.

00:12:28.000 --> 00:12:46.000
finished his slogan, whether that's an apocryphal story doesn't really matter, it's one that's gone into Chinese textbooks, lot of Chinese children, introduced to this as foreign domination and beat as a sign of resistance of the young against foreign

00:12:46.000 --> 00:12:48.000
domination.

00:12:48.000 --> 00:13:00.000
And the fifth one I've mentioned as a critical factor. I touched on, already in the sense sinus topic relation. It conditions so much of what happens to Chinese communism.

00:13:00.000 --> 00:13:05.000
Let's come to that, more precisely.

00:13:05.000 --> 00:13:09.000
I mentioned Confucius. I just before you leave here.

00:13:09.000 --> 00:13:24.000
I just quote, a couple of things there that give you the flavor of the impact that he still had right through to today saying of his its responsibility of each individual to accept the words they find it and turn late harmoniously to it.

00:13:24.000 --> 00:13:36.000
Now why does that matter, because it creates the notion, the concept of hierarchy that everyone has his or her place in society, but didn't order structured hierarchy.

00:13:36.000 --> 00:13:40.000
That is how life is. That's how nature.

00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:43.000
And you can't kick against without creating disharmony.

00:13:43.000 --> 00:13:47.000
And the great word confusion theory is hard.

00:13:47.000 --> 00:14:00.000
Happiness can only be achieved by harmony. And that means you relate to your fellow be in as understanding your way as you can. So selfishness, is a great challenge.

00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:05.000
So the collective principle you act harmoniously in the collective.

00:14:05.000 --> 00:14:10.000
And I think, see how that lends itself very easily into communist theory later.

00:14:10.000 --> 00:14:29.000
But you you selected as the great engine of history, the great dynamic history is connectivity in the Marxist sense of course is class solidarity against the upper class with exploiting, but it marries very, very smoothly with the confusion concept.

00:14:29.000 --> 00:14:36.000
And just on confusions hierarchy, what was called the song gang, which simplified.

00:14:36.000 --> 00:14:47.000
Is this these are the three, three elements, loyalty of the people to the Emperor was absent. It cannot be fired it cannot be denied has to be obeyed.

00:14:47.000 --> 00:14:48.000
The second one.

00:14:48.000 --> 00:14:56.000
Why is must obey husband's why you might ask. Today, well because in confusion thinking.

00:14:56.000 --> 00:15:07.000
The male was superior in natural terms to the female lead you to challenge that but that's that's a confusion principle. And the third one.

00:15:07.000 --> 00:15:19.000
In the sun going principal respective children towards parents, children did not have minds of their own. They had to conform to the parents. That is why they were told to marry.

00:15:19.000 --> 00:15:22.000
They are falling in love and choosing your part.

00:15:22.000 --> 00:15:26.000
No, no, that's that's that's Western sentimental.

00:15:26.000 --> 00:15:46.000
Marriage is good and worthy is arranged by the parents of both parties, you don't let young people fall for each other because they will create disharmony with your taste but I just offer it as the three basic principles in confusion, and also that come

00:15:46.000 --> 00:15:50.000
this notion of hierarchy. Everybody has a place.

00:15:50.000 --> 00:15:54.000
And again to translate that into communist me later.

00:15:54.000 --> 00:16:14.000
The idea of class conflict. The idea of leadership. For those who are informed the class leaders, and the followers. That's basic to Maoism to communism, that not everybody knows the mechanics of the laws of society, the Marxist claim they did they still

00:16:14.000 --> 00:16:25.000
do those boxes. They understood the social relationships that based upon exploitation class against class, and Chinese communism took that out.

00:16:25.000 --> 00:16:29.000
And ladies over it's already existing hierarchical motion.

00:16:29.000 --> 00:16:34.000
That's why it fits very very philosophically.

00:16:34.000 --> 00:16:41.000
Well, let me sprint through McDonald's but it just to set it up for us, our own centuries.

00:16:41.000 --> 00:16:47.000
These are the key elements in the development of Chinese history.

00:16:47.000 --> 00:16:56.000
Over two millennia of imperial rule of various houses, based in the states climax, with the Ching Dynasty.

00:16:56.000 --> 00:16:59.000
In the early 20th century when it collapses.

00:16:59.000 --> 00:17:11.000
We mentioned Western exploitation critical factor in the 19th century. We have the revolution of 1911, called the Chinese up numbers, the double 10th 10th of October, where the changes.

00:17:11.000 --> 00:17:27.000
After the industry is going back 2000 years class, it fell in the face of rebellion, its own army rebels against it collapsed. What took its place with the Republic, and many revolutions are the great day has gone, we cannot have a truly revolutionary

00:17:27.000 --> 00:17:32.000
progressive China, because we've got rid of the old Imperial handicaps.

00:17:32.000 --> 00:17:45.000
It didn't follow that way because what sets in his warlord is, which is to say that because central authority had broken down with the removal of the Empire advocates, the Imperial house up not overthrown abdicate.

00:17:45.000 --> 00:17:51.000
But what's left is a republic, but the Republic has no real power.

00:17:51.000 --> 00:17:58.000
And what happened is the local magnets local, local official setup government, and their own terms in their own area.

00:17:58.000 --> 00:18:04.000
So you have China split up into a whole series of pockets of individual rule.

00:18:04.000 --> 00:18:15.000
If I cook the walls of the roses in England, that's, that's not too good to reference it give us the idea. Central Have you broke down and local magnate, a circuit.

00:18:15.000 --> 00:18:23.000
Now for many revolutionaries this well as bad as the system that had been overthrown or they're just collecting it.

00:18:23.000 --> 00:18:38.000
There couldn't be national unity, if you have warlords. And so what happens is that the two major revolutionary parties have grown up in the late 19th early 20th century come together to fight against the warlords.

00:18:38.000 --> 00:18:46.000
And that's how we have the birth of communism in a formal sense, because in 1951 52, the Communist Party is for.

00:18:46.000 --> 00:18:56.000
And it allies with the Gatling gun. The People's Party, or the nationalists. The biggest.

00:18:56.000 --> 00:19:12.000
But those are both revenue parties. They both believe in destroying the warlords, and they believe in getting rid of the foreigner, then the twin. And they, they share their for basic view of the policy that should follow that lasts for about five years

00:19:12.000 --> 00:19:22.000
They ally in the so called northern expedition. And they, they bring down they break up most of the powerful warlords not all of them, but most of all odds are broken.

00:19:22.000 --> 00:19:27.000
And it's a leader of the Nationalist Party can Kai Shek.

00:19:27.000 --> 00:19:37.000
He then turned on his allies the communists and endeavors to destroy the Janka big to Moscow to train as a revolution.

00:19:37.000 --> 00:19:40.000
And what he saw with communism in Moscow.

00:19:40.000 --> 00:19:42.000
He came to the test.

00:19:42.000 --> 00:19:52.000
It was totally unscripted to the Chinese context. And he believed that if communism was allowed to flourish in China, it would destroy any chance of Chinese progress.

00:19:52.000 --> 00:19:55.000
Any chance of China restoring software, it's great.

00:19:55.000 --> 00:19:59.000
They've been broken and damaged by the foreign in positions.

00:19:59.000 --> 00:20:07.000
So, can turn 1927, he turns on his former communist allies in the so called White Terror.

00:20:07.000 --> 00:20:20.000
In the major cities like Shanghai, and he tempted strike physically all the comments are rounded up and shot in public, most of them very nearly wiped out comments, but not entirely.

00:20:20.000 --> 00:20:26.000
Because the group of communists, led by melted don't

00:20:26.000 --> 00:20:39.000
flee from the areas of persecution and execution and set up bases in the mountains in southern China under pressure under threat but they survive.

00:20:39.000 --> 00:20:42.000
They have some Russia systems.

00:20:42.000 --> 00:20:48.000
This is a fascinating point, Russia, the Soviet Union, never believed in Chinese communist.

00:20:48.000 --> 00:21:01.000
I mean by that. It never believed the Chinese Communist of themselves could create a communist society as they had done in Russia, what they must do their Stalin preach this to them.

00:21:01.000 --> 00:21:19.000
Don't say what you must do in China you communists. Give yourselves up to be martyrs for the call die for the cause of a bullish on revolution first or the middle class before that can be a truly pregnant tab and workers workers in China.

00:21:19.000 --> 00:21:27.000
There were a few but the Marxist said, 85% of Chinese peasant

00:21:27.000 --> 00:21:43.000
contribution to communism. He said yes, we are essentially a peasant community, and therefore our revolution, must be a peasant revolution. It will be Marxist, it will conform to the great demands of class warfare, but it won't be a workers revolution

00:21:43.000 --> 00:21:46.000
in the sense that Russia.

00:21:46.000 --> 00:21:58.000
You'll be a peasant revolution. And that was heresy to Moscow to start a company, and that's why you have that long running battle ideological battle between China and the Soviet Union.

00:21:58.000 --> 00:22:02.000
I think running right through to the end of congressman China, and soon in a sense.

00:22:02.000 --> 00:22:07.000
Today given, sino Russian possibility.

00:22:07.000 --> 00:22:18.000
But having nearly destroyed the communists Chiang Kai Shek then sets up a Nationalist government, which obtained which last right through to 1949.

00:22:18.000 --> 00:22:28.000
So for over two decades, Chiang Kai Shek is the face of of China, and he wasn't admiration and support by the Western world.

00:22:28.000 --> 00:22:44.000
They didn't know communism, and maybe some of them might have heard these, these bands the rural bandits as they were called out to the mountains, but nobody, nobody have nobody understanding or a parent on standards for the gross but China was about

00:22:44.000 --> 00:22:49.000
extraordinary story when you go back, 1920s 30s, very few Western understood.

00:22:49.000 --> 00:23:00.000
China in the sense of internal politics and they accepted Chiang Kai Shek as the true representative China and the future of China lady with his Nationalist Party.

00:23:00.000 --> 00:23:02.000
He pushed that idea.

00:23:02.000 --> 00:23:08.000
And his financial dealings he got lots of foreign money by presenting that

00:23:08.000 --> 00:23:17.000
was because it was based upon a falsity, but one which would believe by by most of the rest of the world until the Second World War, let's come to that.

00:23:17.000 --> 00:23:25.000
The other another huge factor in shaping Chinese company is the Japanese occupation, which is there from 1931 to 45.

00:23:25.000 --> 00:23:36.000
Technically the war. The Pacific war starts in 1937, but from 31, Japan occupied parts of China Manchuria in the north particular.

00:23:36.000 --> 00:23:41.000
And they've been very brutal the Chinese, the Japanese I think about in their treatment of China.

00:23:41.000 --> 00:23:45.000
The idea of the being Asian, just to cut any ice.

00:23:45.000 --> 00:23:59.000
And so the bitterness that China felt towards a foreigner is intensified bitterness towards the company. There's always been rivalry and tension between those two countries, Japan and China, but this is intensified by Japan's attempt to take China.

00:23:59.000 --> 00:24:05.000
One might say why was Japan so hostile to China, and it's really a matter of belief in survival.

00:24:05.000 --> 00:24:15.000
The Japanese believe if they didn't take areas of Asia, talking with China, they would run shorter central supplies the key ones being rapper, and oil.

00:24:15.000 --> 00:24:20.000
If they couldn't have left Japan would die.

00:24:20.000 --> 00:24:30.000
And that needs stressing because one, because sometimes things just get people simply aggressive, but they were bad style, but there was a logic to it might be.

00:24:30.000 --> 00:24:39.000
I thought you wouldn't accept, but they believe that only by taking over parts of Asia, could they survive as a Japanese people.

00:24:39.000 --> 00:24:45.000
Thanks their attack upon China and occupation to 31 or no attempt to cooperate.

00:24:45.000 --> 00:24:49.000
They did call it a cooperation.

00:24:49.000 --> 00:24:53.000
But it was the imposition of Japanese or authority done very brutally.

00:24:53.000 --> 00:24:56.000
That's the tragedy.

00:24:56.000 --> 00:25:01.000
I mean, it's unpleasant have to say this good I think it's true.

00:25:01.000 --> 00:25:11.000
The treatment by the Japanese of the Chinese was as bad if not worse matric by the Nazis of the Jews in Europe.

00:25:11.000 --> 00:25:17.000
The savagery exposed towards the camps was set up in such a great deal.

00:25:17.000 --> 00:25:27.000
But it's worth, stressing because it does again intensify China's concept, we could only say that so

00:25:27.000 --> 00:25:35.000
how do we get rid of the Japanese, how do we get rid of the foreigner, how do we stand up to the to be the Soviet Union, have you stand up to capitalism and United States.

00:25:35.000 --> 00:25:37.000
We do have a cell.

00:25:37.000 --> 00:25:44.000
And that's a deep conviction developed throughout the communist era story to today, and then go back on the key points.

00:25:44.000 --> 00:25:48.000
Today, and then go back on the key points.

00:25:48.000 --> 00:26:06.000
When the war ends. Second World War ended 945, where they can go check believed that the Americans would come in and help him, push all the components, out of China, just as they were pushing the Japanese out.

00:26:06.000 --> 00:26:12.000
That's how you believe what happened, didn't need to happen because the bombs were dropped and Japan surrendered.

00:26:12.000 --> 00:26:16.000
So there's no need for major American Allied invasion of time.

00:26:16.000 --> 00:26:25.000
So tank effect, three of the Americans rolling up the communists and push him into the sea. That never materialized to challenge great disappointment.

00:26:25.000 --> 00:26:39.000
What happens instead is that when the Japanese surrender, they surrender to the nearest Chinese authority. And in many cases those authorities were communists, particularly in the north in The Manchurian region.

00:26:39.000 --> 00:26:54.000
And so, there's a great list for the Chinese comments, they are now recognized by Japan as legitimate accept as absurd in the form of Great Britain this of the national Sunday.

00:26:54.000 --> 00:27:07.000
This leads to a major Civil War. In fact they've been fighting each other right through the Japanese war anyway, but a major war breaks out night 546, and last two to 1949.

00:27:07.000 --> 00:27:15.000
And the nationals are defeated communist and about when, when very effectively.

00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:20.000
Chiang Kai Shek fleas to Taiwan.

00:27:20.000 --> 00:27:33.000
Taiwan, very much tied in with this of course, and in Taiwan, Chiang Kai Shek and that to set up a new China's I called it like to be the true China Mainland China is now communist and October the first 1949.

00:27:33.000 --> 00:27:49.000
Now, broadcast from the Forbidden City from the balcony of the Southern Gate City, and he says, famous words. We have stood up and he meant by that. We have arrived, as a separate independent people.

00:27:49.000 --> 00:28:03.000
We may struggled to prove that. But we now know that we have the means to be a truly independent restored, China, and will restore China by our communist methods.

00:28:03.000 --> 00:28:06.000
And I would stress that aspect.

00:28:06.000 --> 00:28:08.000
I think when you're looking at Mount to Tom and China.

00:28:08.000 --> 00:28:14.000
It's worth remembering what for him came first, was China.

00:28:14.000 --> 00:28:27.000
Communism came second for him communism Marxism was a means philosophically politically to the end of Chinese regeneration, the restoration of Chinese great.

00:28:27.000 --> 00:28:38.000
That's the critical factor on all revolutionaries I would suggest in China are carried along, look that we want to restore trying to do great.

00:28:38.000 --> 00:28:45.000
It's a great nation, Sally and humiliated by the western by Japan, but we now have arrived we stood up again.

00:28:45.000 --> 00:28:57.000
That's the power, and that justifies for him, but for all the policies. He then follow again taking this food. He lost right to see that at the moment.

00:28:57.000 --> 00:29:01.000
Don't shopping for for a level of energy.

00:29:01.000 --> 00:29:11.000
It takes over from Mount mount dies in 76, and two years later, dung Xiaoping emergence from the party

00:29:11.000 --> 00:29:27.000
with the Communist Party power struggle, we still don't know the full details, but he emergence as he says we have to change tack on rates. We can't find a mouse policies, economically, because they will not create Chinese great.

00:29:27.000 --> 00:29:34.000
And you ever see an equation because he said, Now, great man, great figure.

00:29:34.000 --> 00:29:39.000
It will 70% right and 40% wrong.

00:29:39.000 --> 00:29:50.000
Very clever that when Stalin was denounced by Chris Johnson 1956. He was denounced totally led to the breakdown of the Soviet Union.

00:29:50.000 --> 00:30:00.000
Now, Doug. That wasn't the way to do it. So he didn't condemn, he still revered him as it's great social present revolution, but he said he got certain things wrong.

00:30:00.000 --> 00:30:06.000
And those are the things we can modify and what he meant was, Malcolm economics.

00:30:06.000 --> 00:30:19.000
He thought you could build a modern economy, purely on roughed up purely on Chinese effort that you didn't need Trey commerce, you could do it simply by my sheer willpower.

00:30:19.000 --> 00:30:34.000
Marvelous concept, but very unrealistic economics. And so you can get the second revolution in his last night.

00:30:34.000 --> 00:30:37.000
Society remarkable, remarkable.

00:30:37.000 --> 00:30:43.000
It says, commerce and trade production commerce, other means to Chinese advancement.

00:30:43.000 --> 00:30:50.000
That's the party bus for that we make ourselves rich, and that includes making ourselves rich individually.

00:30:50.000 --> 00:31:05.000
Now how can that fit into a Marxist communist message. How can fit into the confusion measured message of collective endeavor. And that's a fascinating achievement, shopping, that he turns Chinese in a different direction.

00:31:05.000 --> 00:31:18.000
But, and this is the big but he still maintain the political control of the party can change the economics but it makes no ground gives no ground on politics.

00:31:18.000 --> 00:31:24.000
The party must rule. The people must obey the party, the hierarchy must be mentioning.

00:31:24.000 --> 00:31:27.000
I know she'll follow him.

00:31:27.000 --> 00:31:36.000
People like GM in fact very much done champions policy, we come now to our president leader Xi Jinping.

00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:40.000
Some say because the governance of the party. He's been there since 212.

00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:43.000
And, but

00:31:43.000 --> 00:31:51.000
almost absolute. Now, China watches say he can't last forever.

00:31:51.000 --> 00:32:04.000
Not in terms of longevity, but he can't last forever politically. So watch this space. At the moment he seems to print. But, but, but, in total Chinese politics, which are very difficult a feather.

00:32:04.000 --> 00:32:13.000
They don't give the, the public releases that we would like we never quite know who's up and who's now in Chinese tradition, certainly Chinese communist.

00:32:13.000 --> 00:32:15.000
So we'll have to wait on that, but the new mouse is not a bad way of suggesting.

00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:29.000
But the new mo is not a bad way of suggesting. Well, let's take the stage further in terms of 22 months, I've mentioned the shock to the Chinese in 1919.

00:32:29.000 --> 00:32:33.000
When their lands were taken.

00:32:33.000 --> 00:32:44.000
Japanese. This leads to an outburst of anger, we call the 19th of May the Fourth Movement, and it intensify the idea of nationalism and revolution.

00:32:44.000 --> 00:32:49.000
We've mentioned wallet wallet is, why not get rid of a trick here.

00:32:49.000 --> 00:32:53.000
Actually the Communist Party of China was founded in 1921.

00:32:53.000 --> 00:32:56.000
Now wasn't attendance.

00:32:56.000 --> 00:33:01.000
So in the keep the legends of now being the great inspiration from the beginning.

00:33:01.000 --> 00:33:06.000
They said, it really began in 1922. And if you go to Shanghai.

00:33:06.000 --> 00:33:15.000
There's a room above a restaurant in Shanghai, which is said to be the meeting place of the handful 12 or so of the early comments to form the party. And my name is there.

00:33:15.000 --> 00:33:25.000
And now the name is there. But technically would be purely accurate. The party is formed the year earlier. Well wasn't there is a detail.

00:33:25.000 --> 00:33:28.000
significant but you might think that each other.

00:33:28.000 --> 00:33:40.000
So from 22 and we have a Communist Party. I mentioned, it begins in alliance with the Nationalist Party, you have the great revolution. And it begins under the sway of Moscow, under the sway of Soviet communism.

00:33:40.000 --> 00:33:46.000
Why, because the communists in, in Russia said look we know the story of revolution we've done it.

00:33:46.000 --> 00:33:55.000
We've done it, five years we've had a revolution, we know how it works. You must listen to us. We will come to you with our advisors, and we will tell you the path to follow.

00:33:55.000 --> 00:34:05.000
And of course at first because had no power and so the Chinese Communist followed that. Now, with all this angered by it but he knew that you could reject out of hand.

00:34:05.000 --> 00:34:16.000
You didn't need socket support with it, but he always believed that when the moment came Chinese come into a set itself as a separate distinct form of communism.

00:34:16.000 --> 00:34:18.000
From a Marxist.

00:34:18.000 --> 00:34:21.000
So they were the two parties.

00:34:21.000 --> 00:34:28.000
Good night, coming down GMT for short means the Nationalist Party CCP Chinese Communist Party.

00:34:28.000 --> 00:34:28.000
Okay.

00:34:28.000 --> 00:34:36.000
So the aim of those parties when they come to go get rid of all ism Warlordism and end the foreign precedence.

00:34:36.000 --> 00:34:47.000
That's why they come by. However, I mentioned that you had, I think, in 1927, Chiang Kai Shek turned on his comments on those tries to destroy them.

00:34:47.000 --> 00:35:00.000
Almost does, they survive, but it's gonna be, we might say, and he governs China effectively not wholly with China's too big to government, but effectively in the eyes of the Western world.

00:35:00.000 --> 00:35:03.000
He governs Chinese the face of China.

00:35:03.000 --> 00:35:07.000
From 1927 right through to 49 that carries him for the war.

00:35:07.000 --> 00:35:22.000
And he's seen in the Western world, as the great hero resisting the Japanese, that's an exaggeration, because very often he wasn't resisting comments we're doing it in the north, certainly, but the the western concept was Chiang Kai Shek is leading this

00:35:22.000 --> 00:35:24.000
great anti Japanese war effort.

00:35:24.000 --> 00:35:40.000
Well, that ends in 45 the war, and suddenly chat, doesn't get his way, you believe in the comments we pushed out by the Allied invasion of China that doesn't happen, and instead we have the competency began to assert themselves as a distinct party separate

00:35:40.000 --> 00:35:46.000
from the nationalists and able to foresee a future where they might well be in control.

00:35:46.000 --> 00:35:50.000
Now, first conceived off in terms of partition.

00:35:50.000 --> 00:36:06.000
The early comments on the mobile phone.

00:36:06.000 --> 00:36:14.000
let the Nationals have the south, and indeed that was what started said, Don't try and when you're not strong enough.

00:36:14.000 --> 00:36:18.000
You've got to cooperate with other revolutionaries. Don't go too low.

00:36:18.000 --> 00:36:24.000
And now it didn't like being told what to do. He had to, for the sake of the party survival.

00:36:24.000 --> 00:36:33.000
But he was embittered by Stalin's dismissal of Chinese communism, as not being really the work of the force of the future.

00:36:33.000 --> 00:36:37.000
So that's what rankles in all this.

00:36:37.000 --> 00:36:52.000
Well, that's come from now himself, he wins a civil war, takes over as leader in 1949. And the next quarter century, he governs China, it becomes absolutely.

00:36:52.000 --> 00:36:58.000
And the cultural now becomes the outstanding feature of China, in that period.

00:36:58.000 --> 00:37:01.000
And then, the three critical

00:37:01.000 --> 00:37:05.000
chosen the three critical element in mouths governance of China.

00:37:05.000 --> 00:37:07.000
The Great Leap Forward.

00:37:07.000 --> 00:37:08.000
Four years 58.

00:37:08.000 --> 00:37:18.000
That's what I would suggest it was mouse belief that Tony by their own efforts and sometimes literally by the work of their own hand.

00:37:18.000 --> 00:37:24.000
The mass Chinese people present community could build a modern economy.

00:37:24.000 --> 00:37:35.000
They have bigger than Jcv they would do the sheer numbers of the Chinese and the shared willpower they could bring to bear would create a new modern industrialized China.

00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:45.000
It was a mistake of course on his part, but he argued it with such conviction, it became. It became the decree that people had to confirmed.

00:37:45.000 --> 00:37:57.000
And this great leap leap leap over the topic, and they bleed over the Western world, and they match United States. That was the great dream for four years.

00:37:57.000 --> 00:38:06.000
This massively forward is followed. And it's because it's based on the idea of collect devising the peasant.

00:38:06.000 --> 00:38:17.000
Don't let private and continue, make everybody work individually, collectively, but not for their own sake. They work as individuals for the greater good.

00:38:17.000 --> 00:38:20.000
And if they don't do that there must be punished and in prison.

00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:24.000
And the great belief was established to education.

00:38:24.000 --> 00:38:36.000
Younger talk this China survived so it's of, and therefore we must act collectively we must have our back sliders are critics of the party, a party knows best.

00:38:36.000 --> 00:38:39.000
We must follow. Because mouse is the party.

00:38:39.000 --> 00:38:43.000
So the cultural mouth develops

00:38:43.000 --> 00:38:45.000
from the little red book.

00:38:45.000 --> 00:38:48.000
Can I just stop share for a moment.

00:38:48.000 --> 00:38:54.000
You may have this if you've been to China. You've been picked up your copy. I hope so. Cuz it's great historical documents.

00:38:54.000 --> 00:38:59.000
Are they going to collect them. When I went to China first. I've got quite a few numbers languages.

00:38:59.000 --> 00:39:13.000
I was in China once that's before a great demonstration and outside my hotel, the young people waving their, their books. So I went to the window.

00:39:13.000 --> 00:39:25.000
But actually read him.

00:39:25.000 --> 00:39:35.000
really not by agree with their policies but but what is in touch with to bend the rules occasionally. Well, moms domination of China is extraordinary.

00:39:35.000 --> 00:39:47.000
And it's so deep and profound. Back to my things it so they prefer, but it marks, China from that point on

00:39:47.000 --> 00:39:54.000
the top of the idea that this Supreme Being this picture me of virtue.

00:39:54.000 --> 00:40:10.000
This product of 2000 years of Chinese culture. Now is the end product of that extraordinary notion, particularly when you think this is a Marxist philosophy that he's teaching, which speaks of the collective will of the people.

00:40:10.000 --> 00:40:18.000
But the people's will express to now, as it had been Of course,

00:40:18.000 --> 00:40:27.000
it's making sure to help great communist leaders, speak folder parties speak to go to Cuba. Think upon part.

00:40:27.000 --> 00:40:36.000
I can think of no communist system that hasn't produced a great leader who claim to speak for the people who is the party, and is the people's representative.

00:40:36.000 --> 00:40:54.000
And now's a great example of what the culture of my book and all that. And then we have another extraordinary development in human history.

00:40:54.000 --> 00:41:09.000
but his revolution might be betrayed once he died, he says, I must leave my mark on China. So I must create a Chinese culture, as a sexually malice and communist, and we do it through control from the top we do it through us.

00:41:09.000 --> 00:41:12.000
It has to be absolute.

00:41:12.000 --> 00:41:24.000
It's a very bitter time, very bitter time. Millions die in the course of justice millions died in the great need for. I mean some 35 million died during the Great Leap Forward.

00:41:24.000 --> 00:41:28.000
These are man made famous diabetics.

00:41:28.000 --> 00:41:42.000
And the Cultural Revolution no less is a suppression of any attempt at challenge or criticism, and the party designs up amazing piece of domination.

00:41:42.000 --> 00:41:47.000
And I would suggest it could be understood in terms of confusion notions of hierarchy.

00:41:47.000 --> 00:41:50.000
That's where the blend becomes.

00:41:50.000 --> 00:41:53.000
Well,

00:41:53.000 --> 00:41:55.000
illustration.

00:41:55.000 --> 00:42:05.000
I mentioned rivalries here not time to deal with it individually, but now has a long running dispute with the Soviet Union. Now in style and melon Christian bound Regiment, in which he says China's got it right.

00:42:05.000 --> 00:42:08.000
and you people back in Europe got it wrong.

00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:15.000
So the peoples of the world you want to follow Mark has must follow the Chinese, not the subject line.

00:42:15.000 --> 00:42:16.000
A bit of cash at 19 59,000,069.

00:42:16.000 --> 00:42:23.000
At 1959 men in 69, the Soviet Union, and now almost came to war with.

00:42:23.000 --> 00:42:32.000
They turn their rockets across Asia towards the top, not fully known in the West, we have been terrified have we know what was going on, but that subject.

00:42:32.000 --> 00:42:35.000
Chinese rivalry.

00:42:35.000 --> 00:42:37.000
There's the great man.

00:42:37.000 --> 00:42:44.000
It just overlooks tenement square, and it's still on the back notes that you

00:42:44.000 --> 00:42:59.000
just read horrible figures the great leak for those that are comfortable figures in the great in the major provinces, through commercial through click ization.

00:42:59.000 --> 00:43:03.000
And so the idea there was such a thing as socialist or communist science.

00:43:03.000 --> 00:43:12.000
And they felt for fraud, like cinco said, oh, I've discovered ways of reducing 16 years of corn

00:43:12.000 --> 00:43:19.000
and mountain leave him and put his program at operation. So the crops with it in the field, or diamond.

00:43:19.000 --> 00:43:27.000
It's an amazing piece. Now, why great revolution of 1966. This is to establish a permanent mark on China.

00:43:27.000 --> 00:43:35.000
So you're attacking the old culture or thoughts or custom old habits. And how do you do you call on the young.

00:43:35.000 --> 00:43:40.000
The young still young school children in their early teens, calling on there.

00:43:40.000 --> 00:43:53.000
And it's remarkable how the young rally to an aging meltdown, as they become so extreme and bitter, as the young often can be.

00:43:53.000 --> 00:43:57.000
That's the terrifying aspect. But for 10 years.

00:43:57.000 --> 00:44:04.000
China is convulsed with its cultural revolution against which no criticism can be made, until it's over.

00:44:04.000 --> 00:44:19.000
And then of course, I think we mentioned again, those are just list those methods of the revolution idealism terror coercion, in some regards beyond the pale a the People's Liberation Army would impose it.

00:44:19.000 --> 00:44:22.000
And these are the enemies. The victim.

00:44:22.000 --> 00:44:36.000
Landlords rich peasants reactionaries you can anybody mount disapproved of suspicious was listed under this sort of categorization results genocide.

00:44:36.000 --> 00:44:54.000
And the outcome of this which we still are wounded by the great spread of concentration camps across China between 49 and 76, which far out match anything in Europe, that's been developed in the days of the Nazis.

00:44:54.000 --> 00:45:05.000
And just to quote the last figure, but Mao's death. There was some thousand labor camps, still operating across China, and 25 million prisons its record died in the course of mouse.

00:45:05.000 --> 00:45:07.000
Cultural Revolution.

00:45:07.000 --> 00:45:15.000
Terrifying figures. Well, let's just touch on this before we we close out the second revolution and shopping I've mentioned.

00:45:15.000 --> 00:45:19.000
He didn't attack openly he just said there was something wrong.

00:45:19.000 --> 00:45:22.000
And he said, what we can have is modern communism.

00:45:22.000 --> 00:45:32.000
One country to system, and that was to cover the idea. It could be capitalist while still being politically communist its applied then you may remember to Hong Kong.

00:45:32.000 --> 00:45:45.000
Subsequently, but that's the idea that dung Xiaoping introduces. It's a reinterpretation of communism in economics, brilliant piece of analysis. There's the great little man.

00:45:45.000 --> 00:45:53.000
And then we come finally to Xi Jinping China's new Meb.

00:45:53.000 --> 00:46:04.000
This is the figure that people be quoting recently. But what was it in the 1990s the size of Netherlands in terms of economies GDP.

00:46:04.000 --> 00:46:13.000
Under dung Xiaoping took the CG didn't think it would be opposite the largest economy in the works, amazing transformation.

00:46:13.000 --> 00:46:30.000
Yeah, I'll close with these here are the major characteristics, I think of China today and the sheet, Chicken human industrial growth obviously nuclear superpower, allegedly communist Deepika lesson.

00:46:30.000 --> 00:46:39.000
said you couldn't do. You couldn't have a capital economy, and a communist system, it would work. But China's disproved it.

00:46:39.000 --> 00:46:49.000
In the last 30 years, the colonial this this is fascinating to be the Belt, One Road initiative to speak Chinese influence commercially across the whole world.

00:46:49.000 --> 00:46:54.000
And the takeover of many parts of Africa by

00:46:54.000 --> 00:46:59.000
major loans and grants to, to African governments.

00:46:59.000 --> 00:47:13.000
Lot of corruption in this but that's, that's one of the moves that China's would make it such power we sometimes call it in China itself censorship and massive a box, China, but it's in keeping with our hierarchical notion.

00:47:13.000 --> 00:47:27.000
So what would what struck you and me if it would have been deeply unacceptable to many most Chinese I'd say censorship a massive requirement of a healthy communist society.

00:47:27.000 --> 00:47:41.000
And the rebels are the exceptions, rather than all miss I'll close with, and it's the most significant of all the sino centric suspicion of the outside world, China doesn't trust the outside world.

00:47:41.000 --> 00:47:44.000
One particular example that you can think of climate change in the green.

00:47:44.000 --> 00:47:49.000
In the West, it's very biggest and most nations the western have bought into that.

00:47:49.000 --> 00:47:55.000
The Chinese don't why don't know because they don't trust the West.

00:47:55.000 --> 00:48:05.000
Chinese believe that this green movement this push for emissions control is the way of standing start to fight, preventing Chinese industrial growth.

00:48:05.000 --> 00:48:12.000
We've ruined the world for two centuries. So the Chinese you have, and you tell us now we will stop.

00:48:12.000 --> 00:48:19.000
I think it lies at the base of so much disagreement. And of course we have military possibilities.

00:48:19.000 --> 00:48:36.000
Think of Taiwan, Hong Kong, whether that will come to open conflict that we don't know. But that was that was a major concern with this now, but he, but he pressing issue.

00:48:36.000 --> 00:48:38.000
I put a pause there.

00:48:38.000 --> 00:48:43.000
Because I've just gotten tend to

00:48:43.000 --> 00:48:58.000
Michael that was absolutely fascinating. And I was particularly, particularly found the five defining factors that you talked about right at the start, particularly interesting and for, for everything that was to come after.

00:48:58.000 --> 00:49:06.000
Right, not shooting no makeup, and we're going questions. Okay.

00:49:06.000 --> 00:49:16.000
Okay. Right. Let me just get my chat open here. Now we've got a few questions here. I'm just going to start from the beginning.

00:49:16.000 --> 00:49:20.000
So, let me see.

00:49:20.000 --> 00:49:27.000
Yeah, we've got a question here from an we worry about us, Chinese relations.

00:49:27.000 --> 00:49:37.000
And indeed, us and our relations with Russia at the moment that could be said, and but do you think Russia and China could ever have a war.

00:49:37.000 --> 00:49:42.000
Yes, that's always a possibility,

00:49:42.000 --> 00:49:44.000
how it would come about.

00:49:44.000 --> 00:49:47.000
Neighbors always round up.

00:49:47.000 --> 00:49:50.000
But if your neighbors across the border, the tensions even greater.

00:49:50.000 --> 00:49:59.000
And if you both have aspirations to greatness and leadership and Putin appears to. Certainly, she did. Big in America today, traditional.

00:49:59.000 --> 00:50:11.000
It's very conceivable frightening Lee conceivable, they would crash on a critical issue like border disputes, which may seem minor to us, but they've been there.

00:50:11.000 --> 00:50:17.000
If there's a serious collapse of economies in the world economy.

00:50:17.000 --> 00:50:32.000
The Chinese, the motor possibilities. There's no saying that they both to make a nation might not come to conflict come to blows in order to survive. And that's what helped me was to look at historical record of economic collapse or decline.

00:50:32.000 --> 00:50:35.000
And you lash out in order to survive.

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:37.000
I could conceivably.

00:50:37.000 --> 00:50:40.000
the idea of peaceful developed between the two.

00:50:40.000 --> 00:50:48.000
And they talk about Xi Jinping and couldn't have met a couple of times and a very courteous and polite to each other. But underneath there was a deep suspicion.

00:50:48.000 --> 00:50:54.000
I repeat, the point, China does not trust the outside world, starting with Russia.

00:50:54.000 --> 00:51:00.000
It doesn't believe any other nation has Chinese interest at heart.

00:51:00.000 --> 00:51:02.000
So it will sign up to protocols and.

00:51:02.000 --> 00:51:11.000
But it's always concerned that these are a form of foreign intervention of foreign control.

00:51:11.000 --> 00:51:17.000
More detail, but it is conceivable unfortunately sadly tragically Yes.

00:51:17.000 --> 00:51:31.000
Okay. Thank you, Michael. Okay, we've had a couple of people actually title and and I've asked a very similar question actually. And that is, if you could possibly talk a little bit about the difference between a workers revolution and a peasant revolution,

00:51:31.000 --> 00:51:44.000
a good point, they caught in pure communist theory the dialectic revolution has to follow a given path, scientific, it must follow that pattern. What has to boil 100 degrees.

00:51:44.000 --> 00:51:54.000
And just as I think the natural world so in the political, social world, the pattern of nature, class war has to follow a pattern that can't be broken.

00:51:54.000 --> 00:51:59.000
And the pattern is as marks taught them and then picked up the Workers of the World.

00:51:59.000 --> 00:52:02.000
The Industrial Workers the factory work.

00:52:02.000 --> 00:52:09.000
They are the proletariat because they can take on capitalism at its heart, hasn't come.

00:52:09.000 --> 00:52:24.000
So when Mao said in China, a communist revolution will be a present revolution. This was pure heresy. In the eyes of Kremlin ideologues now use the word heresy strictly, the belief that there are certain truths, you cannot chatter.

00:52:24.000 --> 00:52:42.000
So Maoism communism in China does a from the ideologues in the Kremlin, who believe that they have understood the science of revolution, and it has to be a prototype and workers revolution, industrial was it cannot come from the peasants, they could get

00:52:42.000 --> 00:52:54.000
joined in a rapidly.

00:52:54.000 --> 00:53:04.000
You can load them within to beat them direction, but they don't have initiative. You can't build a revolution on President Mao said, We are present, our nation as a present community.

00:53:04.000 --> 00:53:08.000
It has to be a present evolution. That's the great divide.

00:53:08.000 --> 00:53:12.000
And I think it would undermine

00:53:12.000 --> 00:53:28.000
Russian tension, the different stages of stages of develop look down on the Chinese to their cost of course eventually, but they believe that China couldn't develop couldn't have a revolution.

00:53:28.000 --> 00:53:38.000
That's extraordinary, but it's a it's an interpretation of basic marks. Basic Marx's marxism-leninism, which is scientifically claim.

00:53:38.000 --> 00:53:40.000
You can't break the rules.

00:53:40.000 --> 00:53:57.000
Just as you can't break the rules aside follows a certain pattern has to be followed in communism. To achieve the end of the perfect classless society, not time to go to all that, but the dialectic the driving force the dynamic of social change its class

00:53:57.000 --> 00:54:09.000
struggle, based upon the ultimate victory of the proletariat the industrial workers overthrow the capitalist bosses. The peasants can't do that to the Soviet Union.

00:54:09.000 --> 00:54:21.000
And now said, Yes, we can and will have to be different. Interesting. Thank you very much. I hope that answers your question cattle, and and no another question here from Gil.

00:54:21.000 --> 00:54:27.000
Where did the Long March fit in. Oh, thank you. Yes. fascinating point.

00:54:27.000 --> 00:54:44.000
I mentioned I think earlier, that just after Chiang Kai Shek to tip to crush the communists in 97, a number of very clever, thoughtful communists broke away, including went to the hills of the Southern south of China, and set up little subjects, they

00:54:44.000 --> 00:54:51.000
call them in to the nationalist and challenging, of course, the Soviet Union.

00:54:51.000 --> 00:55:01.000
The mattress under have a citizen recorded subsequent campaign to squeeze those pockets of comments resistance, squeeze them to destruction.

00:55:01.000 --> 00:55:14.000
And now, in 1934 say, we gotta go. We can't stay where we are, will be crushed. So we must go con raids, to some haven in the north, we might find. So let's just take the journey, which becomes.

00:55:14.000 --> 00:55:28.000
It lasts about a year. Couple of 6000 miles. These figures battery. But, and they're under attack the whole time, but the Japanese and by the National, but they serve 100,000 plus set up

00:55:28.000 --> 00:55:50.000
in the North Sea. And it's there that now builds that submit Chinese submit that nice right to to 1949, which breaks out to mainland China, and Wednesday, civil war, but the, the Soviet between 35 and 49 is the great base of Chinese communism, which eventually

00:55:50.000 --> 00:55:52.000
takes over the whole of China.

00:55:52.000 --> 00:55:59.000
So the March is the beginning of that breakaway that leads to the survival and the dominance of the Chinese Communist.

00:55:59.000 --> 00:56:03.000
It's a fascinating story in itself, lot of myths attached to it.

00:56:03.000 --> 00:56:05.000
But the basic story is told that they survived.

00:56:05.000 --> 00:56:18.000
Just about this long march, most of the women died on the march on it now becomes diamond in the party during that, because he he follows the path that takes them to salvation.

00:56:18.000 --> 00:56:26.000
Today, let's go to, let's go to the Soviet Union. Let's go west he said no we go north. And that, that's our survival, and he was right.

00:56:26.000 --> 00:56:32.000
And I give you, huge kudos to Chief prestige and his domination of the party dates from there.

00:56:32.000 --> 00:56:48.000
I'd add to the last book now is savagely.

00:56:48.000 --> 00:57:02.000
It wasn't mostly Chrome for its own sake, but he believes, unless you crush you will never completely wipe out the cancer, it will come back to us that sort of medical image grim story, faster, same time.

00:57:02.000 --> 00:57:05.000
Excellent. Okay.

00:57:05.000 --> 00:57:24.000
Question from did did mother mo play a significant part in shipping Chinese communism. She believes mo had committed her to an asylum for a time, so that's, that's a, that's another wonderful line with enough to take now and john Chen his wife, extraordinary

00:57:24.000 --> 00:57:26.000
woman

00:57:26.000 --> 00:57:28.000
and her beliefs.

00:57:28.000 --> 00:57:30.000
He said she was more balanced than I am.

00:57:30.000 --> 00:57:50.000
Because he meant by that she was so extreme she'd never get word on a, on a point of philosophy or policy political theory, but he used. She wants said he was his attack dog. she was arrested off his death in prison for life.

00:57:50.000 --> 00:58:01.000
He died in prison subset committed suicide. He was dumped off of importance during his time was that she laid the Cultural Revolution on it strictly cultural side.

00:58:01.000 --> 00:58:23.000
She was the one he commissioned to end on Communist or non mouse culture. So music painting opera, books, you know, many aspects of culture. It had to be memorized it had to be made to conform to mouse concept of proletarian peasant misplaced revolution.

00:58:23.000 --> 00:58:37.000
could be at stake. Now say the cheat sheet, put this into practice. You can't have you can't have culture as a distinct aspect of life. It's part of the cultural pattern, it must reflect the nature of our communist society.

00:58:37.000 --> 00:58:41.000
It's not, It's not a nice thing to do the weekend.

00:58:41.000 --> 00:58:44.000
comes in built into the political system.

00:58:44.000 --> 00:58:51.000
That's why the revolution, so sweeping it had to be absent. Get rid of all aspects of reaction.

00:58:51.000 --> 00:59:13.000
And she led the way that she had these special offers, written and performed. They were very very tedious went on forever, but you couldn't say that of course he loves.

00:59:13.000 --> 00:59:10.000
That's why it's such a great time will be poets who was in prison say it, what happened during the Cultural Revolution. We have no culture was as destructive as that.

00:59:10.000 --> 00:59:25.000
music was decorated with Porsche.

00:59:25.000 --> 00:59:29.000
It took some time to rebuild. Some say hasn't yet been rebuilt.

00:59:29.000 --> 00:59:35.000
China still suffers from the depth of the Cultural Revolution parent.

00:59:35.000 --> 00:59:38.000
Amazing phenomenal in human history.

00:59:38.000 --> 00:59:52.000
Okay, I think we've probably got time we're going to run over very slightly but I think we've got time for another couple of questions and then we'll need to call it a D and interesting one here from Elizabeth, can you compare the creation of Communist

00:59:52.000 --> 00:59:56.000
leaders with the president development of populist leaders.

00:59:56.000 --> 01:00:16.000
Ah. Ah, yes, that's a nice one isn't it populism, which we associate with the idea of leaders, going above politics appealing to the people directly. Some say feel about this, but Margaret Thatcher, was the first major populist in recent British history.

01:00:16.000 --> 01:00:33.000
But that notion that certain leaders certain politicians, understand the people in a way the ordinary politicians don't that indeed is the reason why comments leaders could emerge like like stone and like Lenny like punk punk like Castro.

01:00:33.000 --> 01:00:50.000
They claim a special a special understanding of the circumstances of revolution and wanted to establish that then they become accepted, very hard to challenge them is an absolute is in a sense it goes back to the brother like divine right monarchy, or

01:00:50.000 --> 01:01:04.000
or absolute monarchy in the days of the Chinese Emperor's, there are right in some way they are, God given didn't mean go to the personal set, but nature in some way as as granted these leaders insight and understanding denied to the, to the ordinary

01:01:04.000 --> 01:01:21.000
person. So what the boardroom revolution was to is to follow the leader for the great figures, they know that the high priests of the movement. He was a religious analogy, and it does, it does work in the political sense in those countries, eventually

01:01:21.000 --> 01:01:35.000
breaks down, but it works from all the way to progress in public life is to accept that concept of almost divine leadership and smile If read book, but Stalin's Federation.

01:01:35.000 --> 01:01:36.000
It is remarkable.

01:01:36.000 --> 01:01:47.000
Whether it's populist in the sense we stand is a tricky one I like the question, but I think there must be a connection Yes, the idea of leaders being necessary.

01:01:47.000 --> 01:02:04.000
Do we need leaders in politics, do we need Boris, do we need keep you name your favorite. Are they need. Yes, we'd say, because party structures need for more information required there I say it again hierarchy.

01:02:04.000 --> 01:02:19.000
So populism isn't the same as communism, but I can see where the question would arise. The idea of the leaders of major movements within the democratic whether their capacity, but they come together.

01:02:19.000 --> 01:02:25.000
Something that's a dangerous.

01:02:25.000 --> 01:02:38.000
Some would point to to right wing movements in Nazi Nazi Germany, or the Trump phenomenon in United States. Someone say that that's popular go wrong word.

01:02:38.000 --> 01:02:46.000
But the idea of leaders being necessary to give definition to movements, that's critical.

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You think of the suffragettes, they need leaders didn't like to define the policy.

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Think of the trade unions, you need major figures to define trade union policy.

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I think it goes with political organization.

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But tonight's question is, what we can't resolve. But yes populism.

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Thank you.

01:03:06.000 --> 01:03:14.000
One more and then we really will need to call it a day I know that there are some other questions but we will be taking them away afterwards so don't worry about that.

01:03:14.000 --> 01:03:17.000
So we've got a question from Sue here.

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And you were talking about difference between our workers revolution peasant revolution.

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She's asking know, China has a working proletariat, could they know have a puter Marxist revolution, or the surveillance prevent that.

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Another nice question.

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I tell you what comes in here which is fascinating. China is developing quite a powerful middle class.

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Those who are doing well. The growth of industry and comments have become very rich and wealthy brings influence just natural phenomenon.

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The problem for China is how do they satisfy the middle class and still remain comics.

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The other related question. how do you satisfy work aspiration and still remain comments. We know that in the history of feminism. In Europe, United States.

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What's up, workers get more and more influence, because they become more and more important.

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And they have to be taken on as part of the established.

01:04:19.000 --> 01:04:23.000
You have to recognize the strength of training.

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Now, is that going to happen in China was gonna work grossly underpaid. One of the reasons why China could undersell most other countries, is because it's work because they're so caught up.

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What happened, and it's likely to happen, almost has happened in other cultures. When the workers begin to realize that they're missing out there being exploited.

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Will they not appeal to communist Marxist Leninist malice theory and say we want a larger share of the world's this great nation is creating, We are, we are the means of that creation.

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So you take that threat. Because you take the middle class aspiration. We want more and more. We want society structure so that we middle class can have more, and the workers want.

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You have a recipe for difficulties.

01:05:11.000 --> 01:05:24.000
And whether the party can adapt itself in such a way to take all those demand acceptable. That's a big question.

01:05:24.000 --> 01:05:32.000
Very hard, and that's where I think that's why communism has to be

01:05:32.000 --> 01:05:36.000
you. It has to impose

01:05:36.000 --> 01:05:54.000
divergent. It can't allow dissensions, because they would challenge, and the worry for Chinese communists. Is it the growth of their economy has created this powerful industrial worker class, along with a powerful mental, and they will undermine, but

01:05:54.000 --> 01:06:06.000
but he likely to undermine the concept of the workers state that's created under mouth, and since that that's the big problem for the future. China may come in for great problem.

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What I could mention this, go any further.

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One of China is the rest of the world is so indebted.

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And so dependent upon China for goods, all your Christmas decorations come from China, I bet a lot of other things in your homes. Now, that's fine, that's fine for China, so long guys that demand for goods its continued, what happens.

01:06:26.000 --> 01:06:42.000
And it's a strong possible, especially thought West goes into serious decline recession spoke stroke depression possibility, then the demand for Chinese goods would fall away, and China wouldn't have sufficient domestic uptake to make up for the loss

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of international demand. That's another Chinese themselves point to the other thought on this. Another part to me in China last week to Chinese and confidence on this one.

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And they said, we've lost our soul that we've become rich, becoming richer, but what do we represented.

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We don't have abundant element within Chinese society, communism is a matter for the party only 12% during the party anyway. So what did we as a people get from the system.

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Where is the soul where is the, the element the buying. Where's the confusion notion of solidarity and harmony. If that is seriously undermined or damaged, it could lead to serious social unrest and distress in China.

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Those are some of the possibilities of the China watches point.

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Thank you so much Fiona and thank you everyone for coming. It's wonderful to be invited to give a talk for the WA today on a topic that is very close to my heart because as Fiona mentioned it's the subject of an upcoming book, my upcoming book centered

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visions smelling Art 1852 1914.

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So I'll just share my slides.

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And so my talk today. Discover the center of visions of pre-raphaelite painting.

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And that's again the title of my book which is coming out with Penn State University Press this September.

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So this is the first book, dedicated to the role of smell in 19th century painting, and it considers how and why 19th century artists gave visual form to smell, and how ideas about the sense of smell.

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In general, but also have individual odors. How about this smells can inform the meanings of paintings in ways that might seem quite surprising to us today because we just simply don't share those ideas anymore, or at least we don't hold them so deeply.

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And my book covers 19th century Western art quite body, and for the 19th century, but it has pre-raphaelite ism and Victorian aesthetic painting very much as it's hard.

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three things. And how fear of stench. A miasma in the 1850s allowed artists back was that he and his friend Spencer Stan hope to explore themes of moral pollution and in imagery of prostitution.

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And, and then I'm going to think about how the intensity of fragrance lens or kind of me as MC thrill and to reset his asceticism in the 1860s 1870s. And then, by that point will be gasping for some fresh air.

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So, that we will then focus on the idea of. I think an intriguing idea of the owner of the rainbow.

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And the sense of fresh wet grass after the sun has come out in a painting by Millie and but firstly who were the pre-raphaelite.

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And now, If I had time. I would pull from your, and what you know about the three red lights and I imagine it would be quite a lot, actually, that many of you get to tell me that they were a group of very useful artists who formed in 1848, and which was,

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of course, the year of chart ism of revolutions and Europe and Irish potato famine.

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And that john Everett Millie done taking up realities se and William home and hunt.

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I believe the three best known pre-raphaelite painters today, and they had the most substantial contribution to the movement. But there are other surrounding them, such as Rosetta's friend Spencer Stan hoop.

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His friend and teacher mentor for metrics Brown and his fellow artists and music later wife Elizabeth Siddle, as well as artists who became friends with these young men a little bit later.

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And he associated themselves with pre-raphaelite work like it was but James Morrison really moved to a new house.

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So, the pre wrath lights were the kind of yb as the young British artists of the mid Victorian period. They were the rebels of their day who took issue with the way that art was taught the world Academy schools.

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They wanted to paint works that were more truthful to nature. That didn't idealize in that manner that had become sanctified in art post rafaelle in the centuries post Rafale.

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They said they wanted to show life as it really is warts and all.

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And so for example, in lilies. Christ in house and his parents which shows Christ in the carpentry shop.

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He doesn't show us a kind of idealized Holy Family like Rafa L Word, and rather when Charles Dickens lifted this painting. He commented that Mary was a kind of red haired alcoholic, and the Christ was away next blubbering redhead boy in bed gown look

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like you've been playing in the gutter.

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This early purest form of pre wrath lighters and way you can see every detail of to try to us on the floor the death and Detroit is on the floor the grains and every word shaving.

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And others had turned away from these really heightened level of realism towards a lot of beauty of art for its own sake.

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That doesn't have to tell a story or have a moral purpose, it's not trying to teach us something. His purpose is simply to be beautiful.

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And we call the second phase of pre-raphaelite ism asceticism, and I just put it was actually the vision of fear meta Zam, or.

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Perfect.

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But what I want to suggest is the representation of smell was important in both the pre rapidly, and this latest statuses stage or phase three references.

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Now, you when you think of smell and the Victorian period. I'm sure you're thinking about the fact that Victorian cities stank cities across Europe stank me me UW London the Venice of drains during the 1850s the River Thames was tricked by the 400,000

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tons of sewage flushed into each day.

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Many open sewers drain directly into the river sludge festered festered on the door at a time.

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Lord Palmerston, and Prime Minister likened it to a staging pool leaking with inevitable and intolerable Horace in the 1840s 1850s those stench was not just unpleasant.

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It was frightening. Smells believed to be the cause of disease, and the supposed effects of stench was linked with the violent symptoms of cholera.

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You might have heard of the miasma theory, which originated in the Middle Ages and injured until the development of germ theory in the 1860s 1870s. So, the miasma theory maintain that color, another contagions and such as malaria which literally means

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bad air.

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And these were caused by inhaling noxious odors and thought to contain poisonous particles from decomposing organic organic matter so the idea that organic rotting matter particles floating in the air and a kind of vapor, we breathe in and and corruptors

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to the Thames was absolutely fear to give off a me as Nick stench spreading a disease mix the colors over London.

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I'm surprising a really then give him this smell paid a low profile in the visual arts in the early 1840s and early 1850s.

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Edwin Chadwick he was the public health officer had said that all smell is diseased and not just bad smell awful smell is diseased.

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It was not therefore considered good form to engage artistically with smell.

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At a time when the Royal Academy was teaching artists to create high art with ideal bt foul odor in deficit.

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me as Nick. Nick smells, that this would corrupt your body and your health but also your kind of moral purity as well.

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If the pre rationalized young rebels I mean they were really only in their early 20s.

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And with that unflinching realism and scrutiny of contemporary social moral issues themes like immigration and prostitution and the double gender double standards around sexuality.

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They were not afraid to bring stench. And these kind of issues of urban morality into the hallowed realms of high art, and the two words that I'm showing on the screen now is that he's found and Spencer Stuart hopes for to the past.

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And I was that he believed, and worked in the studio and his house. Flat at 14 Chatham place, which overlooked Blackfriars bridge, one of the most polluted structures of the Thames, so strange absolutely played him in the 1850s.

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For example, on August, the 14th 1854 he writes a letter to his arm, saying, hot insufferable these two days, very favorable FA to the spread of cholera.

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Yesterday the smell from the river was so bad I was obliged to go out and sometimes he had to leave his home all together.

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In 1858 escaped the worst of the reverse think by staying at William Morris his house in Red Lion squares are just a little bit more so away from the Thames, and in 1860, when he married Lizzie said all he took temporary lodgings in Hampstead, while searching

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unsuccessfully for a permanent house there, because he feared that the 10 side apartment was exacerbating her ailing health in this painting girl at a lattice from 1862.

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We're seeing this flush even feverish women, leaning out of the casement towards a vase of flowers, as if gasping for fresh fragrant air. And so this might work and reflect his experience of miasma of the 1850s, and the recent death of his wife Elizabeth

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Siddle by this point.

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It is a painting that fits within a tradition of Italian Renaissance paintings that depict women at windows.

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But, in the context of Victorian life. It also makes us think of the fragrant flowers that were grown or placed on window boxes and alleges to help sweeten Yeah.

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In found a flame head prostitute, with a sickly green color drops the heads against the wall, yards from attempts bridge at dawn drover.

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You can see who's wearing the shepherd smoke, bringing a calf to market recognizes her as his former fiance from the countryside. He's moved to the city, but she rejects his health, saying in the words of the perm that was that he wrote to accompany the

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painting. Believe me, I do not know you go away.

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Yeah, in the painting, industrial pollution is conveyed by the violet blue blur of the Thames. It's Wharf some warehouses and by dirty brown and yellow smudges here.

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The factory smoke. Meanwhile, the destitute woman's proximity links her to the putrid smelling River.

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So, like gf Watts's painting found drowned, and her corpse might yet be added to the rivers me hazmat cargo of watching to try to so this was a real kind of real theme of the 19th century the idea that prostitutes we may end up in the Thames.

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In a pen and ink study for found, which was begun by resetting around September at 53 rooms in the form of this tombstone visible just over the graveyard wall.

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So that's connecting her not only to the miasma of the Thames beyond, but also within miasma thought to arise from London's overcrowded cemeteries, which was another great problem to have victory hundred

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with Rosetti suffering from fruit horses, and with ill health plaguing the pre-raphaelite Circle it's not surprising really that he evoked ideas of dirt and infection and his works, or that Spencer stand who, who rented the apartment, just blow it was

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Betty's did say to instant hopes for to the past from 1859, the open window looking out onto the river suggest the infiltration of sent into the prostitutes chamber, no coincidence that this painting with paint them.

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It was shown to the world Kadam in 1859 but began in 1858, the year of the great stink.

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So, by 1858, the Thames in central London had become a cementing sewer, to quote, Michael Faraday.

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And this had been exacerbated by Chadwick's.

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The public helpful for this as well intention project to clear the city streets and cesspools and courtyard Marriott courtyard cesspools by redirecting the sewerage into the river.

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Cheering the great stink of July 1858 that's summer, fear of miasma escalated to fever pitch at the newly built houses of parliament, their windows with draped with sheets soaked in chloride.

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For a deadline to keep the smell at bay. And when this failed the house that she had to reset early.

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So if we look closely at this painting we see dirty clouds hanging over the water, indicating the pollution generated by the paper mills tanneries died works.

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I think I might have to leave that there.

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And, as well as the same ships that operated on the Thames chases of smart and stand near the window pane, creating a visual cannon work women's mismatched moral character can you see that, and smart on the window pane here.

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How long loose red hair, and the coal necklace on the table here, and symbolic of Medusa. And more broadly have found for towels. And the fact that she appears to be wearing a nice dress under a man's dressing gown during the daytime all identify her

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as a foreign woman.

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And given the amount of commentary on both prostitution and miasma in the month following the greats think us would have been well equipped to recognize the female figures being asked painted ass, as well as painted by 10s of that she breathes like the

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like the prostitute in Rosetta's found her for we can deduce has resulted from her move from country to city life, because here the violence in primroses littering the floor suggest and more innocent upbringing in the countryside, perhaps with their scent

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triggering the suggestion of nostalgia remorse and an awakening conscience if you know home and hunts painting of that title.

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And so her thoughts of the past. Maybe her kind of awakening conscious. They have no qualms me yet because the thump the flowers trampled underfoot.

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At the juxtaposition of the river stench, and the fragrant flowers, creates a kind of dichotomy of pure impure smell to reinforce the Victorian idea of the foreign woman.

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It was only after that long, hot summer of 1858, that when parliament was forced to close early that major sanitation reforms were lost implemented.

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And they they took a number of years.

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Following this release 10s active August 1858 Joseph paddle jets and chief engineer of the Metropolitan boards of works, led the gigantic project to transform the sewerage of London with 82 miles of tunnels and pumping stations, shifting the filth upstream

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and away from the capital.

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In the decades that followed the stench of the Thames abated in central London, and we've hit the motive force of Chadwick's claim it all smells disease waned.

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After decades of public health campaigns and public health facts, the river stench was no longer the cause of cultural anxiety there had once been an interestingly, artistic enjoyment of scented Lance last becomes more prevalent in our.

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Following the construction of basil Jesu is an over reforms. The last caller epidemic in the city occurred in 1866, the time had come, you might suggest we might suggest that, as it were to remove the metaphorical handkerchief for the mask.

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Press to the public knows, and to set the sense of smell free to pursue artistic goals.

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But perhaps even more important influence than sanitation on the representation of scent and smell in Victorian painting the discovery of germ theory.

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So, in 1876, well but Kosh discovered that bacillus, and praxis was the cause of anthrax. And in doing so, he proved that germs spread disease that it wasn't smell at all.

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Was that his paintings of seductress and femme fatales he stunners authentic were made Read between the 1860s and his death in 1882. In other words, they were created during those years of beating Pharaoh stench and a kind of gradual increased understanding

00:19:08.000 --> 00:19:27.000
of germ theory, but really the tenacity of these long centuries held established anxieties about the sense of smell as a hobby harbinger of disease of physical and moral corruption, cannot be underestimated.

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because it addressed the theme of Pandora. Several times between 1869 and 18 1718. In drawings and pastors and oil painting.

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And in these works, the evils of the world, take on the visual form of a few or a few adopting this kind of visual vernacular we're smelling miasma in Rosetta's past or Pandora that we're looking at here, fumes below from the casket forming a kind of

00:20:00.000 --> 00:20:16.000
perverse halo around the girl's head writing about it the pre-raphaelite poet and reset his friend Swinburne described Windham flesh lyst passions swirling in the smoke and fiery vapor.

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Do you see these kind of winged minsters here.

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It's kind of angelic sort of our devilish kind of forums.

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Yeah, on the fumes of incense. So the idea that early days were airborne carriers for germs persisted for several decades after the discovery of germ theory germ theory had proved that Colombo was a waterborne disease.

00:20:59.000 --> 00:21:11.000
But for a short time sanitarium even referred to microbes microbiota and miasma so there's been a collapsing of of germ theory and miasma theory together.

00:21:11.000 --> 00:21:27.000
Well germ theory proved that microbes rather than miasma cause disease odors continue to be seen as markers of this of conditions necessary for sickness, Because they indicated the presence of dirt and decay.

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So if you think of products like some like soap. And with the many images of laundry drying in the in the sunshine and fresh air and sunlight so piece is referencing older sanitary beliefs about the importance of sunshine and fresh air for exposing and

00:21:44.000 --> 00:21:57.000
dirt from Nixon crannies. Yeah, the products tonight so also claim to be antibacterial, they can you have that all the new knowledge intertwined in the public imagination.

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So something that you might ponder on after this lecture is whether you think that anything of the old miasma theory, still persists in the public consciousness today.

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And we all, I think, leaving germs. And, but all the old ideas of smell into what intertwined in our understanding, and to what extent for example do advertisers still promote the idea that German Germans are harbored or in smells or transmitted by file

00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:44.000
smells will be so the idea that fresh air sunlight impressions are the antidote to disease so, and what examples, come to mind is that

00:22:44.000 --> 00:23:05.000
certainly in the 1870s to the early 1900s, the representation of intense fragrance and to freeze on two paintings, such as Rosetta's lady Lilith from 1868, even as the miasma theory gradually seeded to germ theory in popular understanding as germ theory

00:23:05.000 --> 00:23:24.000
filtered into the public consciousness artists with some seemingly liberated to to pursue depictions of smelling smelling here at the same time the suggestion of heavy perfume remain deeply perturbing was perfect for kind of sensationalist conjuring of

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deadly so doctor says femme fatales and witches.

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In was actually stunners of the 1860s 1870s, the positioning of the female figures so close to the picture plane, creates a sense of aliveness in lady Lilith, the perfume bottles and dense roses evoke the idea of a heavily sweet and suffocating sense

00:23:50.000 --> 00:23:57.000
signifying her beauty and overwhelming attraction

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in Venus 30 Cordier, we see a bare breasted Venus luscious red lips cascades of Orban hair in buried in a profusion of full blown roses and honeysuckle.

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The sheer density and opulence of which brings to mind, a strong floor sent.

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of clean fragrance. This goddess of love this Enos, is an Eve like temptress.

00:24:38.000 --> 00:24:53.000
Indeed.

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And we might think about how the curling tons of the honey circle and like almost like fragrance trails the new arena and even sucking the viewer like insects, and your historian Gazelle the Pollock has described the honeysuckle flowers is this almost

00:25:08.000 --> 00:25:18.000
being too reminiscent of female genitalia or even hearing sense instance, you might imagine, is more intense adoptive, even the flowers that envelop her.

00:25:18.000 --> 00:25:33.000
Certainly, she's far more potent than the light simple floral toilet waters. Violet water lambda water, the etiquette favorite for English ladies in the 1860s.

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Like is sent to us painting resent his poems, after the period was saturated with sent imagery. And in fact what actually first got me into this subject of exploring century 19th century art was discovering that critics.

00:25:51.000 --> 00:26:16.000
curfew emanating from his works and corrupting the male viewer and particularly when I'm reading these poems now but one critic condemned the central ism rep per my last confession, finding it to be flushed with an unhealthy race, color, stifling the

00:26:16.000 --> 00:26:25.000
Another claim that the poem, and my sister sleep affects us like some pungent and pervasive perfume.

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And while yet another in 1894 likened Rosetta's poetry to the overpowering sweetness of high essence, so that amid all the old with deliciousness with gasping for breath of fresh air to air again.

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Likewise one critic observed that the frequency of the cross your path.

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And when presented with a resetting per evasive musk and incense, rather than have Heather and mounting time, suggesting that visit his work seemed to me imbue the stale air of enclosed feminized or even to follow size interiors.

00:27:03.000 --> 00:27:26.000
So I think that this suggestion of incense links resetting to the notion of a brotherhood so they call themselves the pre wrath like brotherhood.

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At a time when it was lifted and prejudice against Catholicism and high church which Elizabeth is country.

00:27:33.000 --> 00:27:54.000
So there's some kind of idea of of incense and ritual but also of stale air, and that's of tallies with the perception of Rosetta in later life as a recluse you processes himself with he's dark and townhouse on changing walk by the police attempts at

00:27:54.000 --> 00:27:55.000
Chelsea.

00:27:55.000 --> 00:27:59.000
Meanwhile, these references to must consider it.

00:27:59.000 --> 00:28:17.000
In the interview suggest that Anna Malik sexual femininity of the female figures in his works. So, so, in contrast to the delicate sense of violet and lavender worn by one, and between women

00:28:17.000 --> 00:28:20.000
will have swimming.

00:28:20.000 --> 00:28:24.000
So I said we might be gasping for some fresh air.

00:28:24.000 --> 00:28:41.000
For the third part of this talk. And so from the overpowering booed was of reset his femme fatales I want to turn now to one of Millie's paintings of the 1850s melees Brian girl which speaks, instead of freshness and outdoors and in fact, you know, I

00:28:41.000 --> 00:28:57.000
mentioned that it was those critical reviews of resetting the metaphors of smell that we use for his to describe his poems that really got me into this subject in the first place, but amongst that I also found the suggestion that while Miller's paintings

00:28:57.000 --> 00:29:11.000
were all kind of throwing perfume and it's kind of me as Nikola powering smell melees paintings before refresher and have it all of paintings of Scotland.

00:29:11.000 --> 00:29:26.000
For example, so I just became interested in metaphors of scent and it kind of grew from there. I think it's also interesting to think about the kind of light, breezy on kinetic and canvases of the pre wrath lies in the 1850s.

00:29:26.000 --> 00:29:35.000
So going back a bit from the Victorian asceticism that we've just been looking at to the 1850s again.

00:29:35.000 --> 00:29:54.000
And to think about these in the context of sanitation. So, Chadwick the public health officer was stipulating sunshine fresh air and cleanliness, and it really does seem that this imperative for sanitation informs the brightness of paintings.

00:29:54.000 --> 00:30:11.000
And that's partly because sanitation is also, prompting a dryer to clean up old master paintings. And so if you imagine old an old master painting hanging in a stately home over a smoky fireplace with the gentleman smoking cigars for centuries.

00:30:11.000 --> 00:30:16.000
And many of these paintings were so brown and tarnish.

00:30:16.000 --> 00:30:24.000
And in fact, it was commonly thought that they had been painted him he's kind of brown tones.

00:30:24.000 --> 00:30:33.000
And many Victorian painters were an 18th century painters were had been copying those kind of brown tones in their own contemporary work.

00:30:33.000 --> 00:30:51.000
But when sanitation campaigns occur. And there is a kind of parallel drive to clean up old master paintings many old paintings master paintings in stately homes are actually scrubbed with wire brushes and so the master gallery where I work was he did

00:30:51.000 --> 00:30:57.000
a lot of conservation work at that time I got to be not with with why my brushes.

00:30:57.000 --> 00:31:07.000
And so, and, but when the speeches were were were concerned, it was a complete revelation for the afterlife.

00:31:07.000 --> 00:31:21.000
The young artist actually had studied at the Royal Academy school which was in the same building as the National Gallery. And so they were seeing paintings, like Titian's backpackers and Ariadne for example.

00:31:21.000 --> 00:31:29.000
Before it was cleaned room home and hunted it was as dirty as an old te Granny's old TT tray.

00:31:29.000 --> 00:31:36.000
But then again sorry to get off duty that was completely blown away by the brightness of the colors.

00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:54.000
And so this is really important in shirts and maze, the blind go is a painting about site blindness and spiritual vision, and the painting to pick their blind girl and a younger able cited child resting by the wayside.

00:31:54.000 --> 00:32:02.000
The focus point of the paintings the brain goes face of her brilliant red lips and closed eyes lit up by the sunlight.

00:32:02.000 --> 00:32:18.000
Here the quiet. Girls quiet stillness suggests a heightened alertness to the sensors and sounds that we imagine coming from the meadow, as well as some rapt attention to spiritual inward vision.

00:32:18.000 --> 00:32:26.000
In contrast, the younger girl has twisted around and appears to gaze up and across to the double rainbow arching across the sky.

00:32:26.000 --> 00:32:45.000
Let's nestling back into the blind girl for refuge. As if amazed by an apprehensive of this blind spectacle was a clear contrast in between the blind girl, and the ABLE sighted girl who usually interpreted as sisters, as well as a contrast between the

00:32:45.000 --> 00:32:59.000
blind girl and ask the viewer. When they first exhibited the painting at the Academy in 1856, critics were startled by the minute observation of nature and the luminosity of the painting.

00:32:59.000 --> 00:33:10.000
So they were unaccustomed to the jewel like radiance of pre-raphaelite paintings, one critic for the afternoon remarked on the sweet meat rainbow of lollipop colors.

00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:21.000
And, indeed, released, son described describe how, and later describe how sunlight seems the issue from the picture.

00:33:21.000 --> 00:33:28.000
So we were reminded that, in contrast to the blind girl, he's unable to see the colors of the rainbow.

00:33:28.000 --> 00:33:37.000
And we as viewers are privileged to enjoy the bright colors and laborious details of the painting and to appreciate police skill as a painter.

00:33:37.000 --> 00:33:45.000
And we're invited to feel empathy for the girl, but at the same time appreciating our own 14 and having site.

00:33:45.000 --> 00:34:03.000
It's a painting that can be seen to be about the visualization of the senses to touch is implied by the gentleness of the blind girls fingers that she draws them along the fragile stem of a hair Bell, as well as by the contrast of the dump on which they're

00:34:03.000 --> 00:34:14.000
sitting and the woman for the sunlight in which the butterfly box on her sure sense is suggested by the flowers and the country air.

00:34:14.000 --> 00:34:20.000
Well, sound is signal by the rooks, which we might imagine coring.

00:34:20.000 --> 00:34:33.000
Yet the concertina, which is a prominent symbol of sound in the painting is silent and played on the girl's lap so perhaps hinting at the redundancy of the visual provoking them in multi sensory world.

00:34:33.000 --> 00:34:40.000
In other words, we have viewers after all, cannot smell or hear the sounds in the painting.

00:34:40.000 --> 00:34:53.000
Melee focuses on me enriching influence of the brain God's remaining senses, the goodness that she seems to radiate is the beauty of God's landscape channeled through her senses.

00:34:53.000 --> 00:35:07.000
The sense and sounds of the posture streaming to her shaping of thoughts and emotions in the painting nature is depicted as bountiful. The grass is lush and on the bank if you have else flower.

00:35:07.000 --> 00:35:11.000
Emily also suggest an element of harshness in nature.

00:35:11.000 --> 00:35:25.000
The grounds upon which the two figures. It appears damp. The track is muddy and on the posture rooks scavenge and cows and donkeys beasts of burden Grey's.

00:35:25.000 --> 00:35:45.000
The rainbow that shines against dark clouds accentuates this conjunction of the radiant and bleak. As the Bryan girl he would have glowing skin and glossy hair appears to radiate health and in a purity, to spite her tattered Lindsay was he work house

00:35:45.000 --> 00:35:59.000
clothes and rough knuckle two hands.

00:35:59.000 --> 00:36:15.000
The rich showings shame scavenging for work, echo that toil with her nose pressed against the folds of the bangles Henschel, the young girl is sharing experiencing at once the extraordinary vision of the rainbow.

00:36:15.000 --> 00:36:31.000
The symbol of the covenant, and the ordinary even comforting smell of old worn fabric, the disparity between the sublime illusion of the distant ephemeral rainbow, and the tangible proximity of the shore which he holds on to her face, cause their face

00:36:31.000 --> 00:36:38.000
makes the distance between the divine covenant, this promise of salvation realities.

00:36:38.000 --> 00:36:44.000
And the realities of everyday hardship or the most poignant.

00:36:44.000 --> 00:37:02.000
I think that really may have conceived of the read headlines go as a victim of the 1848 Irish potato famine, during which blindness from epidemic found there was rife and 1 million Irish emigrated many of them coming to England.

00:37:02.000 --> 00:37:21.000
Certainly the blind go responds to the severity of the poor Laura 1834, which made no provision for vagrants one outcome of that was a dramatic rise in the number of blind children who were moved into the care of voluntary institutions for the blind set,

00:37:21.000 --> 00:37:35.000
and the 19th centuries or a groundswell of charities for support for the blind Association for promoting the general welfare of the blind was founded in 1854, for example.

00:37:35.000 --> 00:37:50.000
And so, in this climate Millie's painting played to a growing sentimentality and pity empathy for the blind. He shows Blanco wearing a simple headdress forming a dominant pyramid structure in the painting.

00:37:50.000 --> 00:38:02.000
So he's drawing on the iconography of the Virgin from from Renaissance altarpieces. He showing the blind Gallus is one of the deserving poor.

00:38:02.000 --> 00:38:20.000
Now, my big discovery, with this painting is that Millay may have had in mind a poem entitled The blind girl from 1845 by a very little known poets and the Cambridge educated banker writer and Robert snow.

00:38:20.000 --> 00:38:39.000
And in this poem, and the blind girl addresses, her sister.

00:38:39.000 --> 00:38:53.000
and explains. I stranger to weeping evermore awake was sleeping flows the current of my joy, and she goes on to rejoice in her rich sensorial experience of God's bounty.

00:38:53.000 --> 00:39:01.000
It is she says by the sense of blindness smelling, I know the fields, the Lord has blessed.

00:39:01.000 --> 00:39:06.000
And we can see the Broncos wearing a label that says pity the blind.

00:39:06.000 --> 00:39:22.000
Yet relays creating a sense of pathos, not only by urging our pity, and our gratitude for our own senses, but also for the recognition that the blind girl doesn't deem herself to be dispossessed, but as which with the blessings of the Lord.

00:39:22.000 --> 00:39:45.000
She enjoys for example the concertina Music The birdsong the meadow sense, the warmth of the sun, and snows perm concludes with the copper. God he made a kind beauty for one and all gay fragrance for the blind in both the painting and the poem far from

00:39:45.000 --> 00:40:05.000
pitting the blind girl invited to commend her serenity and faith in the Lord, which makes her worthy of Victoria and charity makes her one of the deserving poor in snows, his sister reads, and then what blind girl he says.

00:40:05.000 --> 00:40:28.000
Sister, I make new being pretenses waiting that's my gifts with mine for I have this now have senses to comprehend that word to shine.

00:40:28.000 --> 00:40:46.000
So, next some queries was a kind of journal where people would write inquisitive questions, and the replies would follow in the following issues, so kind of forum really, and over several issues readers exchange and literary references to the center of

00:40:46.000 --> 00:40:58.000
the rainbow the age of the rainbow the sense of wet grass and flowers center Meadow when the sun comes out after a rainstorm and a rainbow is to be seen.

00:40:58.000 --> 00:41:16.000
So, it's actually very rumor that we now know as Patrick or, and the passage that was cited from the poem in nursing queries and Jon Snow's Pam, and needs.

00:41:16.000 --> 00:41:21.000
You said you saw the rainbow cresting the heavens with colors based on earth.

00:41:21.000 --> 00:41:36.000
And I believe it fills the showers with music. And when sweet and common breezed and Briar Rose Bowers. I think the rainbow has touch their viewers of the painting rainbows held deep Christian significance.

00:41:36.000 --> 00:41:44.000
As a reminder of the Divine covenant and the promise of redemption. The rainbow suggest the Better World to Come in fact.

00:41:44.000 --> 00:41:47.000
Later, in one part of her.

00:41:47.000 --> 00:42:08.000
She says that she looks forward to, to salvation and that in heaven, Christ her maker will give her new, new and better vision, so she'll be able to see, again, by the 19th century, the rainbow was also a symbol of Christ.

00:42:08.000 --> 00:42:24.000
For example in 1865 across the Atlantic. The Reverend James Manning show it he was a Presbyterian minister in North Carolina rites of passage new American gentleman hours at home that captures this theme so he wrote.

00:42:24.000 --> 00:42:34.000
Christ is the token of a tempest ended, darkness past, even as the bow only comes forth when the rain is over and gone.

00:42:34.000 --> 00:42:42.000
The Sun of Righteousness beans out sweetly and clearly in the souls purify their builds the clouds of sorrow and sin.

00:42:42.000 --> 00:43:00.000
The heart is all fresh and fragrant with new spiritual life. That's when the grass and trees sparkle with drops left by a departed shower, peace and stillness rain widened high in the sky is really the jeweled arch of hope.

00:43:00.000 --> 00:43:16.000
Millie's read him pastoral see might then be considered a scene of redemption and so allegorical sacramental landscape in which community rest achieve through a sentence or a prison appreciation of the natural world.

00:43:16.000 --> 00:43:29.000
The rainbow signifies God's omnipresent, the sewing de de sent, and if sense offered a bridge between Earth and Heaven, the rainbow gives that bridge of visible sign.

00:43:29.000 --> 00:43:38.000
So, there are many more pre-raphaelite and ascetic movement paintings that I could have discussed with you today.

00:43:38.000 --> 00:43:55.000
For example, Millie's autumn leaves and ideas of memory center memory taking back to memories of childhood, and the style to in a sense of grief is painting with me, just at the very end of the Crimean War.

00:43:55.000 --> 00:44:14.000
I could have talked about Simeon Solomon's and homoerotic paintings of Catholic ritual ism an incentive, a time when homosexuality was of course a legal, but also high church ritual was to be in England, and the legalities of incense was being explored

00:44:14.000 --> 00:44:16.000
in church courts.

00:44:16.000 --> 00:44:30.000
And I could have talked for example about burn James's paintings Briar Rose series for example I'm the kind of ideas of the soporific effects of scent of centers are kind of drug.

00:44:30.000 --> 00:44:47.000
And I could have talked about water houses the soul of the race, which one of my favorite pre-raphaelite paintings, in which centers imagine just the essence of the rose centers and kind of magical portal to the soul of the road.

00:44:47.000 --> 00:44:58.000
And if you want to know more about me, you'll have to wait for my book coming out in September. And so I'll leave it there and see if we have any questions.

00:44:58.000 --> 00:45:09.000
Thank you very much for that. Christina, that was absolutely fascinating and a great insight to a kind of aspect of it which I've certainly never thought of it.

00:45:09.000 --> 00:45:21.000
And so hope everybody enjoyed that. And particularly like to comment that one of our participants made reality, who said, life would be so much easier to have corporate 19 had a smell.

00:45:21.000 --> 00:45:23.000
With.

00:45:23.000 --> 00:45:41.000
Anyway, wait, wait school on to some questions. No, let me just do a little bit school don't know we did have one question from em bleak Sonia do your first name, just scrolling up here.

00:45:41.000 --> 00:45:43.000
It was about.

00:45:43.000 --> 00:45:52.000
So many images of prostitutes, was that acceptable to visitors to exhibitions or even buyers paintings.

00:45:52.000 --> 00:45:54.000
What you bought you think about that.

00:45:54.000 --> 00:46:05.000
No, it's very controversial very shocking and the Royal Academy show to see paintings of

00:46:05.000 --> 00:46:21.000
prostitutes that alone kind of working class women, I mean, as I said earlier at the Royal Academy teaching some teachings that come from. So Joshua Reynolds you actually found that the Royal Academy and me and late 18th century, and the prerequisites.

00:46:21.000 --> 00:46:41.000
Ms circle, two peoples were still following the same kind of teachings in the very early days of the word Academy, it was very much to idealize beauty to not show real women but goddesses or kind of perfect mother's very sentimental paintings, and certainly

00:46:41.000 --> 00:46:54.000
completely shocking to see kind of them working class physiognomy let alone to be confronted with themes that were quite tricky.

00:46:54.000 --> 00:47:06.000
Yeah, and sort of moving on from that started it and just to say the reviews were so bad that mean was it barely

00:47:06.000 --> 00:47:20.000
exhibited in public again after this early is the pre wrath lights and he just sold to his, his patrons, because it was just so

00:47:20.000 --> 00:47:23.000
interesting. Yeah, what was going to move on to was.

00:47:23.000 --> 00:47:26.000
Why was painter so preoccupied with red hair.

00:47:26.000 --> 00:47:45.000
Is it the same model, or is that the more significance than that, do you think, and why I mean they chose their models because they red hair. And so yes there are some recurring models but there was, there was a real kind of taste for pop for red hair.

00:47:45.000 --> 00:48:01.000
And I mean for in terms of Victorian kind of morality pictures, it makes a good link back to Mary Magdalene he's, he's traditionally represented with red hair so he has a way of kind of suggesting the fall and women, and.

00:48:01.000 --> 00:48:04.000
And then I suppose in those kind of.

00:48:04.000 --> 00:48:14.000
So doctor says some Patel paintings again it kind of links that so sexuality, through

00:48:14.000 --> 00:48:15.000
much later.

00:48:15.000 --> 00:48:30.000
So more like 1900 1984 and Victorian sexologist and we have even Brock who was Victorian sexologist, and he was writing about smell and, and, and sexuality, and he.

00:48:30.000 --> 00:48:35.000
I'm sorry if there's anyone with red hair watching.

00:48:35.000 --> 00:48:51.000
But he made he kind of says that Victorian of the women with red hair have a more kind of pungent more sexual odor themselves so this was a kind of idea that was possibly in the kind of sight guys even earlier than 1900 maybe mid, mid from the mid 19th

00:48:51.000 --> 00:49:08.000
century shocking and interesting. And no, there's a, there's an interesting comment here from living lips when we were looking at the painting thoughts of the past, by expensive stunt woman has quite a masculine face.

00:49:08.000 --> 00:49:13.000
Is that a significant stare.

00:49:13.000 --> 00:49:21.000
And I can't think of the top of my head here the model is for that but it was certainly a woman.

00:49:21.000 --> 00:49:27.000
There are pre-raphaelite paintings, where

00:49:27.000 --> 00:49:41.000
for example I'm thinking of was Betty's Annunciation where he uses his brother to form the, the body of the angel, I think, and

00:49:41.000 --> 00:49:49.000
I'm sorry I don't, I don't think there is, I don't think there's a reason why she would look in a matter.

00:49:49.000 --> 00:50:00.000
I mean, possibly that's a way of sort of showing her as a, as a prostitute actually that she saw lost something of her kind of natural pure femininity.

00:50:00.000 --> 00:50:02.000
Okay.

00:50:02.000 --> 00:50:17.000
Okay. And we've got another one this is all about significance here we've got a question from Elizabeth rowland's, it's when we were talking about flowers and different flowers have different significance of symbolism and the flowers portrayed seem to

00:50:17.000 --> 00:50:21.000
have Betty heady pair of jeans.

00:50:21.000 --> 00:50:26.000
Yes it is the Victorian language of flowers, you could.

00:50:26.000 --> 00:50:35.000
You can still if you want by by just a leaf a little gift set out all the different flowers and the different meanings.

00:50:35.000 --> 00:50:46.000
And so, violence, for example, I didn't show you what's his painting she is painting choosing which is the National Portrait Gallery, which shows, Ellen Terry.

00:50:46.000 --> 00:51:07.000
Terry, the actress who was what's his wife for a short while when she was 17 and choosing between chameleons and violence. So it's the sort of show me unscented flower, or the very humble modest violence and violence was a symbol of modesty and humility,

00:51:07.000 --> 00:51:20.000
and she going to be an actress or she going to be a good wife to elderly artists and their flaws in the paintings that I've shown me.

00:51:20.000 --> 00:51:36.000
I don't know you have to look them up in the him of English or between language of flowers, but I'm kind of less obvious choices I think honeysuckle is not one that would be so kind of quite so cool readily read and raises have an awful.

00:51:36.000 --> 00:51:42.000
Simply symbolism and

00:51:42.000 --> 00:51:48.000
white roses can be a symbol of innocence purity Virgin Mary.

00:51:48.000 --> 00:52:10.000
Yellow roses I think traditionally associated with poor last morning pink raises, and I think more with love and sensuality, which is what you obviously haven't in the city, and Venus paintings have lots to explore there but also the kind of sense of

00:52:10.000 --> 00:52:29.000
those paintings the sense of these flowers as well. And so the Victorian language of flowers doesn't discuss the smell of these flowers, and certainly if you kind of get into that meeting lots of Victorian sources that you have to kind of go on and Victorian

00:52:29.000 --> 00:52:34.000
ideas about smell wherever you can find them in gardening books, etiquette books perfect guides wherever.

00:52:34.000 --> 00:52:58.000
But you'll start to kind of pick up ideas about and attitudes, different smells including floral sense, and particularly some flowers like jasmine has a very kind of sweet but also something a bit dark and kind of Malachi, about this a little bit so hopefully

00:52:58.000 --> 00:53:11.000
that's very interesting when that appears in in sort of seductress kind of paintings has them a chemical called end all in it which gives you that kind of sorcery sweetness.

00:53:11.000 --> 00:53:12.000
Okay.

00:53:12.000 --> 00:53:25.000
Right. Okay, let's look at butterflies now what's, what's the system gene what's the significance of the butterfly, because it does seem to appear and, you know, some of these paintings, what what's the significance of that.

00:53:25.000 --> 00:53:32.000
Yeah, so the butterfly is a symbol of the soul, and it can also be symbol of resurrection.

00:53:32.000 --> 00:53:47.000
And, but I think it's also a kind of symbol of center as well so and butterflies rematching to be drawn to the center of flowers, but also to give a try to imagine to kind of give off the center of their own at the same time it's been drawn to the center

00:53:47.000 --> 00:54:07.000
of flowers and the scent and butterflies are both kind of airborne ephemeral phenomena so is the butterfly can be a kind of way of giving a visual form to send if you like, but I think he likes painting is specifically thinking about centers are kind

00:54:07.000 --> 00:54:11.000
of emblematic of soul.

00:54:11.000 --> 00:54:13.000
Okay.

00:54:13.000 --> 00:54:19.000
And a question from an IT and talking about the painting the blind girl.

00:54:19.000 --> 00:54:29.000
How big is it. She's saying it needs to be really large to be able to see all the details that you were telling us about when you were talking about the painting.

00:54:29.000 --> 00:54:34.000
And when I saw somebody put the dimensions in

00:54:34.000 --> 00:54:42.000
my, in my memory it's sort of compare it to

00:54:42.000 --> 00:54:44.000
my fault.

00:54:44.000 --> 00:54:48.000
In some

00:54:48.000 --> 00:54:53.000
painting, but it's not a massive library. So what did you say, the size of a person.

00:54:53.000 --> 00:55:00.000
No no space, what would be more like a smartwatch seven year old.

00:55:00.000 --> 00:55:09.000
Interesting. Okay, I'm just scrolling down to see what other questions that we may have.

00:55:09.000 --> 00:55:15.000
You do have to getting close to see all those details and my slide didn't really do it justice.

00:55:15.000 --> 00:55:30.000
And when you get out in front of the painting, you really can see like every blade of grass, but actually even by that point really starting to move away from that really intense realism that he'd done so he's earlier to kind of transition work early,

00:55:30.000 --> 00:55:32.000
and towards this more kind of aesthetic stage of their work.

00:55:32.000 --> 00:55:47.000
towards this more kind of aesthetic stage of their work. Yeah. Okay. And I'm just going to scroll down just to see if we've got any last questions before we start to wrap up.

00:55:47.000 --> 00:55:56.000
But lots and lots of comments, which I will forward it on to you tomorrow, shuttle quite interesting.

00:55:56.000 --> 00:56:07.000
No, I think we've got to all of the questions I think. Thanks very much for sending your questions and everybody and thanks to you, Christina, and for providing the answers for us.

00:56:07.000 --> 00:56:10.000
And okay, what I'll do is I'll launch our pool as usual.

00:56:10.000 --> 00:56:16.000
And it would be much appreciated. If you could fill that in for me that would be fantastic.

00:56:16.000 --> 00:56:18.000
And so, next week.

00:56:18.000 --> 00:56:20.000
It's Chinese New Year.

00:56:20.000 --> 00:56:38.000
So we are going to be taking a look at China, and it's 100 years of under communism and promotes beginnings in the 1920s, and through to its present formulation under vision thing, which should be really interesting and eye opening quite current, maybe

00:56:38.000 --> 00:56:49.000
not quite as cut into Russia, at the moment, but it will certainly be a really interesting Listen, I think. So that's it really from myself and Christina, I think so.

00:56:49.000 --> 00:57:19.000
I hope you all have a lovely evening, and we shall see you next week. Thanks very much. Thank you.